The development of imaging technology and advances in the research fields of structural, cell, and molecular biology have improved our understanding of the assembly, release, and maturation of human immunodeficiency virus-type 1 (HIV-1) in recent years. Assembly of HIV-1 requires the coordinated functioning of multiple biochemical activities of the viral group-specific antigen (Gag) protein. These activities include membrane targeting, lattice formation, packaging of the genome HIV-1 RNA, and recruitment of cellular co-factors that modulate assembly. This increase in retroviral basic knowledge has contributed to the development of new inhibitors designed to target different aspects of retroviral assembly and maturation. This review highlights the late stages of the HIV-1 replication cycle and recent advances in elucidating relevant interactions in virology, cell and molecular biology, and drug discovery.

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