seed germination black nightshade Solanum nigrum hormones osmotic potential salt stress burial depth

Seed germination response of black nightshade to hormones, osmotic potential, salt stress, pH, and burial depth was investigated in laboratory and greenhouse conditions. Adding the concentration of GA3 increased seed germination to 99% at the treatments of 25, 200, and 400 ppm. Seed germination decreased as the concentration of cytokinin increased from 0.1-5 mM. Wet and dry prechilling duration increased seed germination of black nightshade. Germination of black nightshade seeds decreased as ethanol concentrations increased from 0.3 to 30%. A significant decline in germination was observed by increasing NaCl concentration. Germination of black nightshade seed significantly decreased as the osmotic potential declined. Seed germination was observed over a broad range of pH. Seedling emergence was greatest for seeds scattered on the soil surface and decreased with increasing planting depth.

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