Egyptian aquatic ecosystems have faced a rapid deterioration over the last decade. This deterioration results in severe effects on fish health and behavior. This study assessed the water quality of the drainage canal of Kalabsho sugarbeet factory and the Nile River. Histological and hematological changes in fish were estimated to evaluate the effects of altered water quality on fish. Water samples from the canal showed increased total dissolved solids, anions, and cations as well as decreased dissolved oxygen, compared to the Nile river. Fish from the drainage canal had lower levels of red blood cells, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and thrombocytes. Histological changes indicated several adverse effects of the deteriorated water quality in the drainage canal. Hematological alternations and histopathological changes have been also proved sensitive biomarkers for the detection of interactions between pollutants and biological compounds.

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