The potential widespread of highly virulent organisms and possible transfer of resistance genes due to consumption of unregulated, locally manufactured Zobo and Soya milk drinks is a serious public health concern. This study aims to determine the scope of this dangerous trend. Nutrient agar was used to estimate the mean aerobic plate count (APC). The bacterial isolates were characterized and sensitivity testing was carried out on the isolates. The microbial quality of the Zobo drinks is good but its safety is questionable as it contain indicator organisms like Escherichia coli, Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Corynebacterium spp. and Clostridium spp.. 40 % of the soymilk drink had an unsatisfactory microbial quality and 50 % are unsuitable for consumption as they contain E. coli and Staph. aureus. The antibiogram showed that most strains of the isolated organisms were susceptible to all the antibiotics with each organism having almost 100 % susceptibility. However, Clostridium spp. were completely resistant to amoxicillin and Corynebacterium spp. were completely resistant to rifampicin. Also one strain of E. coli was multi-drug resistant. Poor monitoring of Zobo and Soymilk drinks among other alcoholic drinks sold in Awka, could cause food poisoning and lead to the spread of bacteria resistance.
This study aimed to investigate the effects of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (SC) on apparent digestibility and hen-day egg performance of layers fed palm kernel cake-based diet. A total of 100 layers of Dominion breed were randomly divided into 4 groups (SC0, SC6, SC8 and SC10) of 25 birds each. Groups SC6 to SC10 diet were supplemented with different levels of S. cerevisiae (0.6, 0.8 and 1.0 g/kg of feed respectively) while group SC0 had no S. cerevisiae (control). Water was given ad libitum. At their peak of egg lay, 3 birds were randomly selected from each group and placed in four different cages for digestibility study. The birds were allowed 2 weeks to acclimatize. Birds were fed 140 g of feed/bird/day. Fecal samples were collected every 2 days. Feed and faeces were proximately analyzed and the results were used to determine apparent digestibility coefficients. Results showed that the level of 1.0 g/bird/d of S. cerevisiae had the highest (linear and quadratic effects P<0.001) values of dry matter, organic matter, crude fiber and crude protein. The increases were paralleled with increasing level of SC. it also, had the highest (quadratic effect, P=0.015) hen-day egg performance. The results revealed that S. cerevisiae supplementation increased both apparent digestibility and hen-day egg performance. The S. cerevisiae inclusion level of 1.0 kg of diet was recommended for optimum digestibility and maximum egg laying performance in palm kernel cake – based diet.
Nanofluids have been employed to enhance heat transfer rate in various applications. In this work turbulent flow forced convection heat transfer of Al2O3-water and TiO2-water nanofluid inside a circular tube with constant heat flux was investigated numerically. CFD simulation by FLUENT software was performed at different base temperatures (25, 50 and 70 °C), different nanoparticle concentrations (1% and 2%) and Reynolds numbers (104 < Re < 105) as well as size diameters assumed to be constant 13 nm and 27nm respectively. The friction factor and heat transfer coefficient of nanofluids were obtained for two nanofluids. Results of CFD simulation emphasize the enhancement of heat transfer due to the nanoparticles presence in the fluid. The enhancements of heat transfer are 17% and 29% with Al2O3 but 11% and 19% with TiO2 nanoparticles. Heat transfer coefficient increases by increasing the concentration of nanoparticles in nanofluid. There is no effect of base temperature on friction factor but increasing in base temperature is led to increase in the heat transfer coefficient. The results show that good agreement with experimental data available in literature.
In advanced digital systems the propagation delay plays a vital role to optimize the performance of an individual processing element. To achieve parallelism in advanced processors, pipeline technique is the best method proposed by many manufacturers. The Propagation delay is one of the important factor need to consider in pipeline design. In the present paper the advantages and flaws of various pipelines are discussed. And a new clock scheme is proposed, to minimize the propagation delay in pipeline stages. In the present paper the performance evaluation is done in terms of various parameters like timing delay, throughout etc.
