Abstract\nThis study was applied to investigate the hepatoprotective activity of ethanolic extracts of edible Guava (Pisidium guajava) and Olive (Olea uropaeal L.) alone and against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) induced hepatic damage in rats. Oral administration of CCl4 (1 ml/kg body wt. /day S/C) induced a chronic hepatotoxicity resulting elevated serum level of glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT), glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (SGOT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). The substantially elevated serum marker enzyme levels were restored towards normalization by the extracts treatment when administered at a dose of 500 mg/kg body wt. once daily for one month. The hepatic antioxidant status such as catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), glutathione S. transferase (GST) and total antioxidant activity (TAC) levels are reduced in CCl4 alone treated animals with subsequent increase in malondaldhyde lipid peroxidase (MDA). Administration of the extracts challenge restored the hepatic antioxidant status. Furthermore, histopathological studies confirmed the hepatoprotective effect. The findings suggested that ethanolic extracts of Guava (Pisidium guajava) and Olive (Olea uropaeal L.) exhibited a high liver protection against CCl4 induced chronic hepatotoxicity in rats by restoring the liver antioxidant status.\nKeywords: Antioxidant, Guava, Pisidium guajav, Olive, Olea uropaeal L. Carbon tetrachloride, Hepatoprotective effect.
Motivated by growing importance of compliance with International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) disclosure requirements around the globe and virtual nonexistence of any research on this area with specific reference to developing economies, this study explores the extent of compliance with applicable IFRS disclosure requirements by top 5 listed companies from all the sectors in Pakistan apart from Financial services sector e.g Banks and Insurance companies and if they do at all then what are the firm attributes that affect this compliance level. Companies were ranked with respect to their market capitalization for the sample time period of 2012-2016. The attributes that were studied were firm’s age, size, leverage, liquidity, Profitability, Size of Auditor and types of Industry. The compliance level in Pakistan ranged from 87% to 100% by different firms and only Size of Auditor was the attribute that showed consistent significant relationship with compliance with IFRS’ disclosure requirements showing that firms audited by top 4 audit firms comply more with disclosure requirement. Other attributes showed mixed results during the sample time period.
The colocynth or Citrullus colocynthis, is a spontaneous plant around the Mediterranean and steppe (arid) areas of Africa and Asia is very common in the Sahara and widely used in traditional medicine.\nIn this paper, the direct toxic effects of C. colocynthis ethanolic extracts on Drosophila melanogaster (laboratory model insect) have been investigated. The concentrations of C. colocynthis seed extracts (0.25 μg / ml, 0.5 μg / ml, 1 μg / ml, 2 μg / ml, 3 μg / ml and 5 μg / ml) cause mortality rates up to 80% for average concentrations. High concentrations, on the other hand, cause rapid development of larvae that reach adult stages in less than 10 days.\nKey words: Citrullus colocynthis, Drosophila melanogaster, toxicity, mortality.
