Storage of food crops such as potatoes is one of the most important concerns in maintaining freshness and nutritional quality in the storage process. Investigation in this issue could lead to improve the postharvest quality of fruits and vegetables. To achieve this, an experiment based on a randomized complete block design with five different storage conditions at various temperatures using fresh rosemary leaves and branches with three replicates was carried out. The feedback on the storage of potatoes in terms of sprout growth and weight loss was analyzed. The results revealed that storage of potatoes at 25 oC with rosemary leaves and branches resulted in the lowest sprout development and weight loss after 10 weeks. This was significantly different from either 4 oC or 30 oC. The findings indicate the potential of rosemary fresh leaves and branches to be used, as a strategy to control postharvest development to improve potato storage life. Considering its simplicity and efficacy in decreasing storage cost, weight loss and sprouting (all without causing any environmental toxicity), this may be a useful approach to apply to other fruits and vegetables and to investigate further the possible role of rosemary application to prevent fungal rot.

Using databases in large educational institutions nowadays is a must to students and faculty members to conduct their research and assignments. However, numerous recent studies show that for most university students, its existence is not as important as it seems. This paper addresses the usability of databases and e-resources in universities and the level of awareness of how it should be used by conducting a case study on Qatar University’s library system the paper then provides solutions or recommendations to increase the students’ usability of the university’s database and e-resources. \nBy the end of this study, it is certain and clear that the students who took the survey are classified under two main categories: 77% knew about Qatar University’s e-resources, while 33% did. Although the first percentage seems high because 74% of students who answered the survey were seniors, so they were exposed to databases either in junior courses or capstone courses. However, not all those who know about the database use them. Only 62% believed that they are useful. It is important that most of the students know about the existence of such beneficial resources at early stages to use them in their studies. It is recommended that the university promotes more about their services to allow students to take the maximum advantage of them.

Objectives Gastrointestinal symptoms could occur after ingestion of glucose mixed with Sodium benzoate for breath test (GBT). However endoscopic images after GBT have not been clarified. The aims were to investigate the prevalence and relationship of acute gastric injury with GBT positivity (+) after GBT. Methods. A cohort of 235 patients with functional gastrointestinal symptoms undergoing GBT with commercial substrate for 50g glucose and 60mg Sodium Benzoate, immediately followed by upper endoscopy, were reviewed. The acute gastric injury in endoscopic images and the hydrogen (H2) - methane (CH4) GBT were assessed. Results. The prevalence of gastric injury was 28.1% (66/235) after GBT. There were significant differences in GBT + with and without gastric injury (25.8% vs. 40.8%, P = 0.03). GBT (H2) +, was significantly lower in group with gastric injury than in group without. No differences were seen in GBT (CH4) + between two groups. On multivariate analysis, GBT (H2) + (P = 0.03) inversely, and female (P = 0.02) were significantly related with gastric injury. Whereas, gastric injury was the only related factor for GBT +, inversely (P = 0.04). Conclusion. Sodium Benzoate with concentrated glucose might provoke acute gastric injury, being inversely correlated with the GBT +.

Determination of the Knowledge Levels of Emergency Service Nurses on Frequently Used Medicines in the Emergency Service \n\nABSTRACT\nSafe medication is one of the most important responsibilities of nurses. Role of the nurse in medication is not only to administrate the medicine as typed. It is extremely important to nurses to have knowledge on the medicine they administered, medicate patients in an error-free and safe way, observe responses of patients towards the medicine, and inform patients about the medicine. This study was aimed at determining the knowledge levels of emergency service nurses on frequently used intravenous medicines in emergency services. This study was conducted with a sample of 126 participating nurses, all of whom worked in emergency services in Samsun province and its towns. It was found that 69% of participating nurses were female, 50.8% were married, 44.4% graduated from vocational school of health, and 39.7% worked as a nurse for 2-6 years. Moreover, 39.7% of nurses working in emergency service had received a training on the medicines that are used in emergency services while 87.3% found their knowledge insufficient on these medicines. Mean scores of the knowledge on medicines used at emergency services were determined as 32.6±14.8 out of 100 whilst nurses that received relevant trainings had higher mean knowledge scores and the lowest scores came from the statements regarding drug doses. \nKeywords: Emergency service, nurse, medication, patient safety

This paper analyzes traffic accidents and fatality rate trends in Malaysia in an effort to (1) understand how private vehicle use patterns affect fatality rates and (2) explore policy changes that may reduce the number of traffic fatalities in Malaysian cities. Private vehicles in Malaysia – i.e., passenger cars and motorcycles – represent more than 90% of all registered vehicles. Only 1.3% of accidents involve motorcycles. However, motorcyclists comprise a staggering 60% of all traffic fatalities. The trend for the rate of fatalities per 100,000 of the population in Malaysia shows almost a constant value over the study period. However there is a decreasing trend when considering the fatality rate per 100,000 of registered vehicles. Also, the percentage of motorcycle fatalities indicates an increasing trend over the study period. Although there are no specific months when traffic fatalities are significantly higher, almost 40% of traffic accidents occur during the late afternoon and early evening. This paper suggests short-term and long-term strategies that may reduce motorcycle fatalities in Malaysia, including the enforcement of traffic regulations. The short-term strategies focus on reducing the use of motorcycles, while the long-term strategies mainly consider increasing the use of public transportation.

This article attempts to determine the size of the deposition of nitrogen compounds (NOx) per the area of the Main Groundwater Reservoir GZWP 333, in particular area of water intake \"Grotowice\" was analyzed. The analysis was conducted for two selected years: 2003 and 2013. To estimate the size of wet and dry deposition, EMEP MSC-W model version rv4.5 had been used. analysis of the 12 designated points allowed to determine the distribution of wet and dry deposition within the intake zone. It was agreed that on the basis of interpolation of deposition of nitrogen pollutants from the air into the intake zone \"Grotowice\", surface loads of nitrogen pollution can be pre-defined. Whereas, the analysis of land development has allowed for the identification of the major risk factors for water quality. Despite the fact that the analysis of intake water quality shows a positive and lasting trend of reducing the contents of nitrogen pollution, problem with pollution with nitrogen compounds for the analyzed intake is still valid. On the basis of the analyzes, proposals for further testing have been formulated. One of the most important is the need to establish a protective zone for each sump of the intake

Cyber security is a very demanding aspect when it comes to exchanging critical data over the internet. Many software and programs are uprising to implement different security standards and principles. However, the level of the easiness and convenience of the usability of these software might not always taken into consideration, especially for end users who are not aware of how security is implemented and used. Users may find the software hard to deal with, or hard to find the needed functionality in a direct way. Such security programs are PGP email clients. Some email clients implement PGP to add the security needed to send and receive encrypted emails. We are here experimenting Mozilla Thunderbird email client with the PGP GnuPG & Enigmail add-on. The purpose of this paper is to test the easiness of usability of this email client when the user is a regular, non-expert email sender/receiver, with no pre-knowledge of security or encryption/decryption algorithms and programs. We perform a user test on a group of participants to collect our results, and see the outcome of the interaction of the participants with the software.

The Arabian camel (family Camiladae) is found in almost all arid and semiarid locations of the world. Camels (a part of Arabian cultural heritage) are waidly used for transporting, sport, milk production, shelter, meat and security in Arabian Peninsula including Saudi Arabia. This article aims to review previous research on the use of molecular markers for studying the biodiversity (based on molecular level) of camels worldwide, including Saudi Arabia. Due to the discriminating rules of GATT and open markets in the future, it is necessary to conserve the genetic resources of camels in Saudi Arabia using DNA markers. There are very few, if any, studies relating to the fingerprinting of specific molecular markers in Saudi camels, and this situation leads to a lack of available information concerning the biodiversity of these economic animal resources. DNA fingerprinting for some productive traits in camels represents the most important area of research, leading to conserve of local camel genetic resources through breeding programmes. Marker assisted selection is most useful for traits that cannot be improved easily through phenotypic selection in camels. More DNA markers should be detected in order to better identify and conserving camel genetic resources in Saudi Arabia.

Aim\nThis study investigated self-attitudes towards mental illness, paying particular attention to schizophrenia, depression and anxiety. \nMethods\nA survey was conducted with 564 people diagnosed with a mental illness who are currently being treated at a psychiatric clinic in Amman, Jordan.\nResults\nThe research found that stigma towards mental illness, specifically schizophrenia, depression and anxiety, was based around three factors: preconceived stereotypes, personal responsibility/blame and the perceived inability of a patient to recover. Schizophrenia, in particular, was linked more strongly to negative stereotypes and an inability to recover, and less associated to personal responsibility/blame in comparison to depression and anxiety. \nDiscussion\nThree identical stigma factors emerged for each diagnosis which reflected themes identified in previous literature. People diagnosed with schizophrenia are seen as more dangerous and less likely to recover than other diagnoses. Anxiety was seen most favourably by the self; it was associated with less negative stereotypes and seen as more likely to recover. Interestingly, anxiety and depression were seen almost identically.\nConclusion\nThe self-perception of mental health conditions, such as schizophrenia, depression and anxiety, have important implications for the planning of anti-stigma and awareness raising programmes. By gaining a thorough understanding of these perceptions and the rationale behind them, it may be possible to develop effective, tailor-made interventions.

Objective: The goal of the work was to compare the values of the ganglion cell complex (GCC) and the retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) in the same eye. Furthermore, to determine whether there is any correlation between the GCC and RNFL in the same altitudinal half of the retina. An additional goal was to determine whether there is any correlation between the GCC, RNFL and changes in visual fields (PD-pattern defect and OD-overall defect). The final aim was to carry out these investigations in both hypertension (HTG) and normal-tension glaucomas (NTG).

In the present study ethanolic extracts of aerial parts and root of Iphionagrantioides (Boiss.) Anderb. andPlucheaarguta subsp. glabraQaiser was examined for anthelmintic, antilice, insecticidal, cytotoxic and phytotoxic potential. The anthelmintic activity was very significant against the tested earthworms. Leaf extracts of Iphionagrantioides and P.argutaat dose of 100 mg/ml caused death of the worms in 3.33 ±0.57 and 2.16±0.28 minutes, respectively, which is similar to the effect produced by commercial anthelmintic drug, Piperazine Citrate. Antiliceactivity indicated that both the plants have significant antilice potential by showing 100% lice mortality in case of Iphionagrantioides leaf followed by its flower (96.67%) and leaf of Plucheaargutaby causing93.33 % lice mortality. Iphionagrantioides showed excellent insecticidal (90%) activity against Callosobruchusanalis,Rhyzoperthadominica ,Sitophilusoryzae and Triboliumcasteneum. Plucheaargutaleaf exhibited significant insecticidal activity against all the tested insect species. The results also depicted excellent phytotoxic effect of both the plants by inhibiting growth of Lemna minor. Plant extracts of both the plants displayed significant cytotoxicity against brine shrimps. The LD 50 values for almost all the crude extracts of Iphiona grantioides and Pluchea arguta subsp. glabra were found to be 34.65, 242.83, 6.21, 29.92 ug/ml and 0.02, 0.03 and 84.66 ug/ml respectively. The present studies showed that ethanolic extracts of Iphionagrantioides and Plucheaargurasubsp. glabrarevealed significant potential regarding anthelmintic, antilice,insecticidal cytotoxic and phytotoxic activity and these plants could be exploited for herbal drugs exploration for the health care of mankind.

Tomato cultivars (Sultana-7 & Super Strain-B) were germinated under various levels (0-200 mM) of NaCl. Seed germination of Super Strain-B was promoted at 25 mM NaCl. However, the germination of both cultivars was progressively inhibited at 50 and 100 mM, and stopped at 200 mM, but the response was more pronounced in case of Sultana-7. Therefore, Super Strain-B was selected for further investigation, after growing under NaCl stress (50 & 100 mM) and inoculation with vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (Glomus fasciculatum, VAMF). Mineral (N, P, K, Mg) uptake by leaves and K/ Na ratio were declined by salinity, while Na uptake and N/ P ratio were increased. Salinity decreased chlorophyll (Chl) contents coupled with an increase in Chl a/ b, diminished Hill-reaction activity, and quenched Chl a fluorescence emission. This reflect the disturbance of the structure, composition and function of the photosynthetic apparatus as well as the activity of photosystem 2. Superoxide dismutase and peroxidase activities of leaves were enhanced by salinity, whereas catalase activity was decreased. Leaf polysaccharides and proteins, and shoot biomass were depressed by salinity, but total soluble sugars and root to shoot ratio were improved. \nApplying VAMF to plants enhanced both photosynthesis and productivity. This confirm the role of VAMF in alleviating negative effects of salinity on the plant, by increasing its salt tolerance. Although, mycorrhizal infection showed a negative correlation with salinity, it remained relatively high (21 & 25 %) at 100 mM NaCl.

During the 2012/2013 season a study was made of the effect of mild sunburn damage on three apple cultivars: Brookfield®, Granny Smith and Fuji from conventional and organic orchards in the 6th Region of Chile. Total and specific phenols, antioxidant capacity and ripeness of the fruit were assessed at harvest and at one, two and four month of conventional cold storage. \nThe results show that the peels of all the cultivars have their own characteristics, but the response to sunburn damage is independent of the type of management. At harvest, phenol content was twice as high in the peel of sun-damaged apples as in the peel of healthy fruit. Although phenol content tended to decrease during storage, notably after four months of cold storage the apples with mild damage had higher phenol and antioxidant content than healthy fruit at harvest. No significant differences were presented in ripeness at harvest. By four months of storage sunscald had appeared among Granny Smith apples, with an incidence of 85 and 55% among conventionally and organically grown apples, respectively. We propose the creation of a new category of “sunny-apple” apple that has a higher content of antioxidant compounds.\n\nKeywords: Malus domestica, sunburn, phenolic compounds, antioxidants, alimentation, healthy human nutrition, “sunny-apple”

Angiogenesis depended on balance between angiogenic and antiangiogenic factors. Previous studies reported that Interleukin-12 (IL-12) has antiangiogenic effect on vessel development. The aim of this study was to investigate the in vitro effects of the different doses of IL-12 on in vitro endothelial cell proliferation.Human umbilical cord obtained from Caesarean sections. After washing PBS, the cord vein lumen was filled with 10 mg/ml collagenase and incubated 10 minute at 37°C. The contents of the vein were collected in a conical centrifuge tube then centrifugated at 1000 rpm for 10 minute yielded white pellet which was resuspended in culture medium. The cells were plated in 2 ml of medium at T-25 plastic flasks. The endothelial cells were passaged. when confluent density was approached. The cells were counted by Thoma slide. Then cells were divided into low (0.1-0.5-1.0-5.0 and 10.0 ng/ml) and high (25,50, and 100 ng/ml) doses of IL-12 were added to medium of each experimental group (n=16). After 48 hours culture period, the effects of IL-12 were determined by cell counting. While the mean cell number of control group was 79.2x105(±25.79), experimental groups were 35.6x105(±11.44),17.0x105(±10.47),13.2x105(±4.94),12.8x105(±4.67) and 11.6x105 (±5.33) in low dose and control group was 58.4x105(±10.72),experimental groups were 23.6x105(±4.70),16.4x105(±2.10), and 12.4x105(±2.37) in high dose, respectively. There was a reduction on cell number in experimental groups when compared to the control. This reduction was statistically significant. In addition, increased expression of caspase-9 in a dose dependent, showed an increase in apoptosis.Consequently, endothelial cells are an important component of angiogenesis, and IL-12 could prevent the vessel formation by decreasing endothelial cell growth.

The genetic association of 11 locations wild Dioscorea species was assessed using morphological and inverse sequence-tagged repeat (ISTR) molecular markers in 100 accessions collected in Jalisco State in México. Two species were confirmed among the accessions: Dioscorea remotiflora Kunth and Dioscorea sparsiflora Helms. Morphological traits as well as DNA sequences were used to calculate genetic parameters such as Euclidean distance and Jaccard’s similarity coefficient. The polymorphic information content calculated was 0.4508, the average heterozygosity (Hav) was 0.45 and the marker index was 11.84. These values indicated a good level of efficiency in detecting variability for a dominant ISTR marker but medium level of genetic variability among accessions. Analysis of genetic structure revealed four genotype groups according to principal cluster analysis produced by an unweighted pair-group method based on arithmetic averages. The results confirm ISTR as a useful tool to assess genetic variability in Dioscorea species, and together with morphological traits, it produced an overview of genetic associations in these accessions. Both species were closely associated according to molecular analysis, and morphological traits, this could be used for future genetic breeding programs.

MANET is a mobile computing device which communicates packets forward without knowing the infrastructure of routing topology, because of its flexible mobility of nodes. In Mobile Adhoc Networks routing gives an advanced motivating of overhead broadcasting, regular change in topology and network convergence. This may create a vulnerable in nodes based on nodes misbehavior due to change in topology structure dynamically. As network topology changes dynamically in proactive routing protocols, at the change of topology structure node faults and misbehavior of nodes occurs. This may create overheads and performance delay, so we try to eliminate the problem of misbehavior. We propose a Quadratrial shaped area, which identifies and reduce overheads in routing of mis-shaped shortest path of nodes and recover misbehavior nodes. \n\nPresently, we are interested in proposing a new resiliencyself organized routing recovery protocol (RSORR) to identify the fault occurred in routing generated dynamically based on selfish misbehavior on shortest path and re-gears and repair the route dynamically by reducing overheads and topology recovery rate. It also regains the packet loss occur at the lost nodes.\n\nThe algorithm has been simulated in ns-2 shows that RSORR gives good throughput and overhead routing. We implement a triangle shape zone recovery is studied and various factors are studied.

It is well known that male worms of silkworm Bombyx mori L. (Lepidoptera, Bombycidae) have a higher viability and relatively low need for food than females. Another advantage of male cocoons is that they contain ~ 25% more silk. The weights and dimensions of male cocoons are superior to that of females. In addition, unwinding ability and a metric number of the threads of male cocoons are higher in males. Therefore, more profitable to buy cocoons men than women for the silk industry.\nCurrently scientists and people involved in the cultivation of silkworm cocoons, are trying to increase the number of males in the family. Here we report we have developed a new and simple method to increase male population in the family - the mating of butterflies of silkworm take place in a constant magnetic field (CMF). We have established experimentally that under the influence of a magnetic field to the cytogenetic mechanism of a silkworm, the number of caterpillars of male increased ~25% in the family and it reached of the number of male of approximately 75% level in the family. \nThe method used is very simple and feasible in any industry, which has been producing silkworm eggs. The article presents a mathematical model of the impact of CMF on the cytogenetic mechanism of mulberry silkworm.

Problem Statement: Incentive policies for faculty members to inspire manifest needs are generally priority issues to improve university achievement. Research curiosity reflectively emerges if the manifest needs of academic leaders in universities could be motivated through organizational power as that in business world? Purpose of Study: This study purports to identify academic leaders’ perspectives on their manifest needs, organizational trust, and organizational power, and further analyzed the relationship structure of these factors. Methods: A questionnaire survey was employed to collect data from 198 randomly selected Taiwanese faculty members in administrative positions. Data analyses include Factor Analysis and Structural Equation Modeling. New Results: These analyses results in some crucial findings: First, both organizational power and organizational trust individually creates significant impacts on the manifest needs of faculty. Secondly, organizational power in university settings did not directly influence manifest needs but did so through organizational trust which creates implicit but significant impacts on these faculty’s motivations. Conclusions and Recommendations: This relationship structure, which varies from that in the business world, might reflect the psychological traits of these faculty possessing professional autonomy and the characteristics of university administration in Taiwanese social contexts relying on in-group collective decisions.

Determination of the air pollution level in Konya city centre and estimation of impact concentration of air pollutants for human health have been investigated in this study. For this purpose, daily SO2 concentrations were measured using Infrared-SO2 Analyzer equipment and meteorological station was used for measurement of atmospheric pressure, temperature, wind speed, relative humidity and precipitation parameters on a daily basis. Particularly, pollution intense during the winter months, with depending on meteorological conditions; when the air pollution was predicted, it will contribute significantly time to take measures to reduce the impact of air pollution. Artificial Neural Networks and Fuzzy Logic models, in atmosphere applications and comparing with classical statistical methods, highly successful results revealed using SO2 measurements and meteorological data, modelling and preparation of forecasting programs were aimed. Correlation coefficient of R2 value was 0.93 between daily SO2 measurements with ANN predicted values.\nKeywords: Air pollution, Artificial Neural Networks, Fuzzy Logic, Meteorology, Sulphur dioxide, Modelling.

Reconstruction of a traffic accident is an activity that requires interdisciplinary formulation of conclusions, which serve as the basis for the court’s judgement. Reconstruction can not be always carried out on the basis of tracks left on the road and vehicle debris. They are merely the result of a given event and one can not determine on their basis which of the traffic participants has violated regulations. The current article discusses the procedure of reconstructing a motorcycle-motor car collision with both vehicles moving in the same direction and performing simultaneous manoeuvres: a left turn and overtaking. Because of the conflicting reports of witnesses, the procedure also involved recordings from a stationary video camera, which was monitoring the area of the accident. On the basis of the recording, reference points were identified; determined were also the distances between them with respect to the mounting location of the video camera. Knowing the parameters of the video recording, we determined the time interval between frames and then calculated the speed of vehicles involved in the accident. These data allowed us to retrace the movement and manoeuvres of the vehicles as a function of time and then to identity the perpetrator of the accident.