Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies are neurodegenerative diseases that affect several mammalian species. Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) is among the mentioned diseases in cattle caused by abnormally fold prion proteins. Polymorphism (PRNP) as 23-bp and 12-bp insertion and deletion in promoter and intron 1, in both loci are related to resistance but deletion alleles affect inversely. We studied allele, genotype and haplotype frequencies of these two loci among samples of two Iranian cattle breeds including Najdi, Sarabi and Iranian Holstein. Polymorphisms of the 23-bp indel in the promoter region and the 12-bp indel in intron 1 of the prion protein gene, which are shown to be associated with resistance to bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), were assessed in the imported Hostein (n=55) and native Iranian Sarabi (n=56) and Nadjdi (n=55) cattle breeds. Najdi is a B. indicus breed of Southern Iran and Sabari is a B. taurus breed of north-western part of the country. Holstein breed had significantly different allele, genotype and haplotype frequency distributions compared with the two native breeds for both polymorphic sites, except for the 23-bp indel which was comparable with the Sarabi breed. The frequencies of the protective 23-bp insertion allele (23+) were 0.28, 0.15 and 0.33 in the Sarabi, Najdi and Holstein breeds, respectively. The corresponding values for the low susceptibility 12-bp insertion allele (12+) were 0.92, 0.89 and 0.48, respectively. The frequencies of this allele in the two native breeds are at the upper limit of most breeds studied so far. The allele and haplotype frequency distributions of the Najdi breed resembled that of the published data on other B. indicus cattle. It is not possible to predict the degree of susceptibility of the native breeds to BSE based on the frequencies of these two polymorphic sites because of uncertainties regarding the relative contribution of each site to the overall resistance to BSE and the presence of breed-specific background genes affecting this trait
Japanese Encephalitis is a dreaded vector-borne viral disease that causes serious inflammation of the brain, which may lead to durable brain damage and has a high mortality rate. The JEV encodes a major envelope glycoprotein (E), which is a very influential antigen in eliciting neutralizing antibodies and inducing protective immune responses in the host. To predicted out the epitopes of E protein and make a short DNA fragment, which is highly express as strong immunogenic peptide in host. The epitopes of E protein were predicted through online computational tools. Among the predicted epitopes, 11 epitopes were selected for MHC class I and 9 epitopes were selected for MHC class II based on their potent and reliable binding affinity and log score. For enhancing the immune responses codon optimization and codon adaptation were performed with the help of online server-OPTIMIZER. Further a newly generated DNA fragment was inserted in to pcDNA3.1/nV5-DEST vector with the help of CLC bio tool. Finally for acquaintance, the translational product of candidate DNA vaccine was achieved by the modelling of protein sequence using CPH model 3.2 and LOMET server. The proposed work allows us to determine novel peptide antigen targets in envelope proteins on intuitive grounds, albeit the preliminary results thereof require wet lab validation. Keywords: MHC, DNA vaccine, Epitopes, HLA, JEV, Envelope glycoprotein.
Changes in urban micro-climate can have adverse effects on the city dwellers in many ways including thermal discomfort and loss of life due to heat waves, development of air pollutants, etc. Micro-climate of urban area primarily depends on the land use and land cover (LULC). Conversion of greenery cover into impervious built up surfaces increase the heat retaining capacity and result in increased land surface temperature (LST) which in turn increase the local air temperature. This paper presents a new approach to the application of artificial neural network (ANN) for prediction of LST image from LULC image. Landsat TM images of the study area for 2001 and 2010 are used to develop LULC and LST images. A feed forward back propagation ANN model with Levenberg-Marquardt training algorithm has been developed to simulate and predict the LST image from LULC image data. Along with LULC, elevation, latitude and longitude data are also given as inputs to optimize the model. The data sets of 2001 are used for training and that of 2010 for testing the model. The model efficiency was found to be of 81.621%. LST image of the year 2015 was predicted from LULC image using the model.
Clear cell carcinoma is a malignant epithelial tumor that can occur in the salivary gland, the thyroid gland, the parathyroid gland, the lungs, the kidneys, and the female genital tract. It accounts for 85% of renal cell carcinomas. However, clear cell carcinoma in the sinonasal tract is rare according to the published literature. The carcinoma is called a clear cell carcinoma because of the tumor cell cytoplasm failing to stain with hematoxylin and eosin under light microscopy. Epistaxis is the most common clinical symptom. Here, we report a case of hyalinizing clear cell carcinoma of the maxillary sinus.
The greenhouse whitefly (Bemisia tabaci), is the most common in Egypt \nhorticultural greenhouse crops, especially in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). It \naffects tomato yield directly by phloem feeding, which results in leaf and fruit \nspotting, irregular ripening of fruits and sooty mold growing on honeydew. It also \naffects tomatoes indirectly due to the transmission of plant viruses. The purpose \nof this study was to select whitefly resistant tomato genotypes by detect of Mi-1,2\ngene which give highly resistant to whitefly. The free-choice test with natural \ninfestation was used to classify the tomato genotypes from resistant to susceptible. \nThe average numbers of whitefly adults and eggs on tomato genotypes were \nclustered into two different groups. The susceptible group included wild line S. \npimpinellifolium and local cultivar Super Marmande. The resistant group \nconsisted of all other genotypes except S. chilensewas susceptible of whitefly \neggs. Significant differences (P ≤ 0.05) and (P ≤ 0.01) for whitefly adults and eggs \nwere obtained under free-choice conditions for all tested parameters, it was \nobserved that, genotypes contain the Mi-1,2gene were showed more resistant \nthan genotypes lacking in this gene, differences between the two groups became \nvery clear. The Mi-1,2gene gives effective resistance against many species of \ninsects, among them B. tabaci. The forward primer (IMOF1) anneals to the3’ end \nof the conserved region and the beginning of the intron, and the reverse (IMOR1) \nanneals to the C-terminal of the leucine-rich repeat (LRR), amplifying a 998 bp \nDNA fragment in whitefly resistant S. minutum CGN 15816, S. pennelliiCGN \n15818, S. habrochaites, S. chilense CGN 14355 and S. peruvianum CGN 15798 \ngenotypes. Whitefly is one of the most important on tomato yield worldwide; \nmaking Miis a valuable resource in integrated pest management programs. \nKey words: Wild species, cultivated, PCR, resistant.
Objective: The present study is designed to evaluate the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of Paronychia argentea extracts (PAE) against acetic acid-induced ulcerative colitis in mice. Methods: The crude methanol (CE), chloroform (ChE), and ethyl acetate (EaE) extracts of P. argentea were employed for in vitro antioxidant assays. In vivo antioxidant and anti-inflammatory studies, experimental colitis in mice was induced with 5% acetic acid (v/v) in saline via rectal route. Animals were divided into various treatment groups (n = 12). Four groups were treated with P. argentea methanolic extract (PAME) (50, 100, 200 and 500 mg/kg) for 5 consecutive days with sulfasalazine (SASP, 500 mg/kg) as standard drug. Disease activity index (DAI), colon weight and length, haematological parameters (C-reactive protein: CRP, erythrocyte sedimentation rate: ESR and full blood count: FBC), colonic content of Malondialdehyde (MDA) and reduced glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities were recorded. Results: Results revealed that all PAE were effective in both superoxide anion (O2•-) radical scavenging and xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibition. In theβ-carotene bleaching assay, EaE and ChE exhibited the highest inhibition of linoleic acid oxidation followed by CE. Moreover, intrarectal instillation of acetic acid caused increased DAI, colon weight, CRP, ESR and colonic MDA level, and a decrease in the other parameters such as colon length, FBC, colonic GSH level, SOD and CAT activities. Treatment with PAME for 5 days showed significant effect in lowering DAI, colon weight, CRP, ESR and colonic MDA levels, and in enhancing of colon length, FBC, colonic GSH levels, SOD and CAT activities in a dose-dependent manner. Conclusions: These findings suggest that P. argentea extracts contain active substances, which exert marked protective effects in acute experimental colitis by regulating inflammatory markers and antioxidant parameters. P. argentea extracts may serve as excellent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent and support the traditional use of this plant for treating inflammatory bowel disease.
Gender equality is a multidimensional term embracing economic, cultural and social dimensions alike. This article is exploring the effects of gender equality on macroeconomic and socio-economic indicators, with special emphasis put on the indirect effects of the increase of women in the workforce and how it influences macro-economic developments. The importance of this paper lies in the analysis of the indirect outputs of gender equality. Thanks to the empirical research, focusing on Japan and the USA case study, this paper, through regression analysis, asserts that the increase of women in the workforce affects the development of services related to the childcare, increase of dual income and the development of restaurant industry, all of these factors jointly affecting the growth of GDP of countries. The aim of this paper is to measure the indirect impact of gender equality on the growth of GDP through the factors such as: social infrastructure and the development of catering industry, thus exploring the economic potential available if the global gender gap crosses with the increase of employees in kindergartens, schools and the sale of ready-to-serve food, etc.\nKeywords: gender equality, social and economic indicators, GDP, dual income, service sector
In this study, we extended the application of low-voltage 3.3-V silicon-controlled-rectifier (SCR) devices with high electrostatic-discharge (ESD) robustness to a 0.25-um 60-V n-channel lateral-diffused MOSFET (nLDMOS). The influence of channel length (L) in a pMOS and distance between two P+ (or that between N+ and P+) regions (S) on trigger voltage (Vt1), holding voltage (Vh), and secondary breakdown current (It2) of a low voltage–triggered SCR (LVTSCR) are investigated. The layout of type-2 LVTSCRs (which have a shorter conduction path) were found to have (It2)type-2/(It2)type-1 exceeded 3 for all LVTSCRs. Moreover, the Vh\'s of all SCR devices were latch-up (LU) free when operated at 3.3-V. In addition, we investigated the effect of implantation of a P+ continuous-stripe and discrete-distributed SCRs in the drain side of an nLDMOS on forming nLDMOS SCR-embedded structures through a high-voltage 60-V process. It2 of p-n-p–type nLDMOS SCRs was found to be 3 higher than those of n-p-n–arranged types. Vh of the nLDMOS with discrete-distributed SCRs in the drain side was higher than those of the corresponding continuous-stripe devices. Thus, we identified an appropriate layout in LVTSCR devices and p-n-p–type devices with a discrete-distributed SCRs that yield high ESD and LU robustness.
Abstract: The aim of this investigation was to assess the status of indigenous knowledge systems, as it exists in African higher education institutions. Education in Africa is frequently referred to as Eurocentric meaning that it reflects European perspective of education, rather than African indigenous knowledge systems. Another school of thought has expressed the thought that, there exists a rich body of indigenous knowledge embedded in Africa’s cultural and ecological diversities, and that the peoples of the continent have used rich body of cultural heritage to address and resolve developmental and environmental challenges. The two schools of thought converge in the thought that despite the impact western-based education and culture, African indigenous knowledge continues unabated, as reflected in numerous aspects of African ways of life. Such contradicting and converging point of views served as the motivation of this study. The sample of the investigation comprised 15 African countries randomly selected from East, West, South, North and Central Africa; linguistically representing English, French, Arabic and African languages. The results of the investigation showed that: indigenous knowledge systems still dominates African ways of life particularly in rural Africa, whereas it does not dominate in western-based education, where it is not paid due respect. Where indigenous knowledge is integrated with western-based education, it has been rather successful. In conclusion, it is expressed that, African national problems encountered in the systems call for understanding indigenous knowledge in the promotion of sustainable development. This can be brought about by effectively realised integration of indigenous knowledge into higher education teaching, research and community engagement.
Abstract \n\n This article presents an experimental study on pressure drop and enhancement of heat transfer of hybrid nanofluids flow in coil heat exchanger of solar energy system. In this study the method using to enhancement of heat transfer and pressure drop, by used the spiral coiled tube heat exchange in solar energy system and the hybrid nanofluids instead of the distilled water. The weight concentrations of hybrid nanoparticles used are ranging from (15 – 35 wt %). Two types of hybrid nanoparticles used in this article cupper (Cu (30nm)), aluminum (Al (30nm)) and aluminum Oxide (Al2O3 (50nm)), titanium oxide (TiO2 (50nm)) as well as the distilled water. The effects of different parameters such as hybrid nanofluid temperature, concentration, type of nanoparticle and flow Reynolds number, on pressure drop and heat transfer coefficient of the flow are studied. The results indicated that an increase in heat transfer coefficient of 45.35 % for Cu + Al + Dw and 32.4 % for Al2O3+TiO2 + Dw at concentration of 35 wt % compared with base fluid. The pressure drop and heat transfer coefficient is increased by using hybrid nanofluids (Cu+ Al, Al2O3+ TiO2 – Dw) instead of the distilled water. As well as the results indicated that by using heat exchanger with helically coiled tube and shell, the heat transfer performance is improved moreover the pressure drop enhancement due to the curvature of the coil tube. The maximum increase of 34.22% (Cu + Al +Dw) and 26.31% (Al2O3 +TiO2+ Dw) in Nusselt number ratio for a range of Reynolds numbers between 200 – 800. This article decided that the hybrid nanofluid behaviors are close to typical Newtonian fluids through the relationship between shear rate and viscosity. Furthermore to performance index are used to present the corresponding heat transfer technique and flow. The type and size nanoparticles as well as synergistic effect play an important role in enhancement of heat transfer rate.
We propose two relativities one employing intermediate Boson Z in other way we employed neutral pions instead of photons, also another experiments are proposed that they are impossible to perform using special relativity.
Time concept is one of the fundamental concepts in geomorphology, on which many of theories are established. Issues as uniformitarianism , geographical cycle and Ergodicity all are theories that attempt to declare the geographical upheavals type at the time basis, but the basis of all affair are not located on the time astronomical concept. Asymmetry of astronomy upheaval method in time basis on many events and processes has led to time eventual concept that has being taken in to much more consideration by geomorphologists. Time concept is considered fewer in geomorphology, in addition to presentation of accurate meaning about this term in geomorphology, its application has been derived from earth configuration explanation discussion and with reliance to an experimental test, the shock persistent relation with time inertia, reaction time and responding time in an environmental system. The result of this research is: systems do not react to any shock with any continuity. Time increasing has dual relation with reaction time. Every time the shock continuity time is become equal to reaction time, the delay time is equal to zero and delay time has reversed relation with shock intensity
Abstract:\nIdentity is a process which provides meaning and from the geomorphologic point of view factors such as place, space, time and culture play an important role in creating the concept of identity. Since eight elements affecting the process of creating space and its meaning, are considered as spatial attributes among eleven elements, therefore, the importance of spatial attributes in developing the form and content of identity concept can be realized. This research is developed based on the Ice Allometry theory, while defining the numeric parameters that give identity to space such as Ice Production Mass (IPM) and Civic Production Mass (CPM) and by relying on the Identity Niche Method (Lund) and Spatial Analysis Method the geomorphic elements influencing spatial identity have been investigated. The results of this study suggest that;\nCentral Iran cities owe their urban identity to (IPM) and (CPM) and they constitute a system through which the main civic core of Iran is created.\nCentral Iran civic core consists of mass orbits K, L, M and each of these orbits is to identify certain cities.\n\nKeywords: geomorphic elements, place, Lund Method, spatial identity, Ice Allometry theory
The two closed curves matching problem in the search of the required mechanism\nfrom the directory of mechanisms is reduced to approximation task of quadratic\napproach, during the solution of which four unknown variables are determined\nanalytically. This allowed reducing the problem of finding the minimum as per five\nvariables to minimizing a function of one variable characterizing the phase shift along\nthe curve. Numerical examples for implementing techniques of curves comparison are\nrepresented based on the proposed method of curves representation.
This case report describes the retreatment of a mandibular first molar with four canals, three of them being into the mesial canal. The middle mesial canal was equidistant of the mesiobuccal and mesiolingual canals. The type of the mesial canals was confluent because the middle mesial canal joined apically with the mesiobuccal one. Operator experience and good knowledge of pulp anatomy are factors that can improve the diagnostic process. Although the incidence of additional root canals in the mesial root of the mandibular first molars is not so great, dentists should thoroughly examine the pulp chamber floor even after the expected number of canals have been identified.
The paper investigates and characterizes the role of a social worker when providing assistance to people affected by an emergency in a specific example. The investigation is focused on the role of social workers in the area of crisis intervention in relation to emergencies, and with the aim to minimize post-traumatic stress from happening. The tools that are worked with are evaluated using case studies. The specific problems and roles that providers of crisis intervention may encounter are addressed.
