Throughout the fifty years of the Palestinian poet Mahmoud Darwish’s writing life, home is a predominant theme in his poetry. In the authors’ reading of his work, the environment is closely linked to the notion of home and that is central to the field of ecocriticism that highlights the significance of environment to the study of literature. The discussion in this paper focuses on how Darwish represents ecology of home through the waves of his employment of environment in his homeland in his poetic production. His poems, which he writes from within his country and more keenly so when he is exiled from it, could be used to illustrate how an ecopostcolonial perspective might contribute to an understanding of the poet’s depiction of home through environment. To do this, the conceptual framework proposed is a combination of two theories -ecocriticism and postcolonial theory. The authors combine these two theories by linking between the marginality of environment in postcolonial theorizing and the centrism of environment in ecocriticism. The blending of the two theories illuminates how the ecological elements in his poems formulate the poet’s conception of home in the crisis-ridden modern world. By explicating the ecological perspective of environment and home in Darwish’s work, the authors hope to provide new insights into the waves of Darwish’s use of nature that becomes the basis of his agenda as a literary activist and show how his identity is inseparable from the physical environment.
There is a short window after barley harvesting in the Iranian semi arid regions that are normally devoted to fallow till next growing season. This research object was using this short period for forage production. Three seeding rates of grass pea (Lathyrus sativus) were studied as pure stand and mixing with already shattered barley seeds after its harvesting in the early July, 2010. Forage production and some quality related traits were evaluated when grass pea reached flowering stage that coincided with the initial creamy stages of barley. The analysis of variances showed that fresh biomass, calcium and fiber contents were significant (P < 0.01). The highest fresh biomass (43 ton/ha) was obtained in the mixture of barley with grass pea at 200 seeds/m². The highest fiber content (23.5%) and relatively low ash content (12.6%) was achieved in the mixture of barley with grass pea at 200 seeds/m² and the calcium percent in this treatment was not significantly different from sole grass pea. It was concluded that the mix cropping of barley with grass pea at 200 seeds/m² is the best combination after barley harvesting using a few irrigations under semi arid areas.
Field oriented control (FOC) and direct torque control (DTC) are commonly used methods in induction motor high performance control for industrial applications. Therefore, it is very important to identify clearly the advantages and disadvantages of both systems in the selection of appropriate control methods. In this paper, we have aimed to present a new and different perspective regarding the comparison of FOC and DTC drivers. For this purpose, the experimental studies have been carried out to compare the inverter switching frequencies and torque responses of induction motors in FOC and DTC systems under different load conditions. The dSPACE 1103 controller board was programmed with Matlab/Simulink software. As expected, the experimental studies showed that FOC controlled motors had a lessened torque ripple. On the other hand, the FOC controlled motor switching frequency was about 75% more than the DTC controlled under both loaded and unloaded working conditions.
This paper considers the Minimum Partition Problem: Given an interval or circular-arc graph, partition it into proper interval or proper circular-arc subgraphs, minimizing the number of subgraphs. For this problem an algorithm is presented which comes to the optimal value.
Solanaceae, particularly species of the Datura genus, are rich in tropane alkaloids including hyoscyamine. This study examines the relationship between biomass and hyoscyamine accumulation in hairy roots of three species of Datura sp. The experiment was conducted in-vitro on hairy roots induced by Agrobacterium rhizogenes “strain A4”.\n\nA linear relationship and exponential relationship are observed, respectively, for selected lines of D. stramonium and D. Tatula between biomass and hyoscyamine content during the active phase of growth. But, an inverse relationship during the stationary growth phase. Thus, for the three studied species, the maximum of accumulation of hyoscyamine is reached between the 20th and 22nd days. It occurs when the biomass of hairy root reached its stationary growth phase.
Abstract\nIn this study, pre-school students’ acquisition of basic and intermediate science process skills was investigated. The study group of the research, which was conducted as a qualitative case study, consisted of 50 pre-school students attending elementary schools located in the cities of Kırıkkale and Kırşehir. As the data collection instrument, the Science Process Skills Acquisition Test (SPSAT), which was prepared for pre-school students and included 12 semi-structured questions, was employed. Calculating the frequencies and percentage distributions of the data collected, the degrees to which students had acquired these skills were demonstrated. It was observed that students are at a good level in terms of the skills of comparing and classifying. They are at a medium level in terms of the skills of observing and inferring. On the other hand; the skills of measuring, establishing scientific communication and predicting are the ones in which students demonstrated the lowest levels of success. It was observed that a great majority of students are not adequate in these skills. Measuring is the science process skill in which their adequacy is at its lowest, whereas their highest level of success is in the skill of comparing.\nKeywords: Pre-School Education, Science Activities, Science Process Skills
This study examines how computer practice influences student design learning process. Both classical and computer practice educational approaches are examined in relation to students design processes. The study assumes that the key to deriving solutions which assist design problem-solving is to provide students with better understanding of design process. Thus, the study focuses on teaching experience of architecture design course for students taking architecture students at the University of Jordan as a study sample. Data gained and analyzed over a period of five years (2007-2012) on course outline, exercises, and compatibility to students’ abilities.\nThe study assesses the use of computer software as a tool to support architecture design process and how it can add to architecture design learning efficiency.\n\nAt the end, the study proposes a shift in the emphasis, language, and practices of architectural education along concluded issues such as improving creative talent, originality dependency, self work, spontaneity, and the relation with tutor.
In this paper, a new stability analysis approach of Delta-Takagi-Sugeno fuzzy systems is proposed. The non-quadratic fuzzy Lyapunov functions in delta domain and the parallel distributed compensation law are the principal basis of this approach. New sufficient stability conditions are established in terms of linear matrix inequality. The stability conditions obtained are more relaxed and the control system has good performance.
Abstract\nThis paper examines the relationship between organizational commitment and organizational citizenship behaviors of Turkish secondary school teachers, with a particular emphasis on determining the effect of the former on the latter. Teachers in nine secondary schools in Balıkesir/Bandırma comprised the sample of the study. The statistical analysis of the data was based on the views of 207 secondary school teachers. To this end, an organizational commitment scale and an organizational citizenship scale were used. Identification and internalization items received the highest scores for organizational commitment. Helpfulness was the most highly scored dimension of organizational citizenship behavior (OCB). According to the research results, there is a positive relationship between organizational commitment and organizational citizenship. Indeed, organizational commitment seems to be a meaningful predictor of organizational citizenship behavior. \nKeywords: organization, organizational behavior, organizational commitment, organizational citizenship behavior, teacher, secondary school teachers.
The aim of this paper is to dene and develop Intuitionistic fuzzy b star-closed sets. Also we study the connected and compactness of Intuitionistic fuzzy b star-closed sets.
In this paper, we introduce the new topological spaces called g star b-compact spaces and g star b-connected\nspaces and study some of their properties.
In this paper progressive type-I interval censored sample for a reciprocal exponential distribution is discussed. Classical inference is carried out using simulation of such a censored sample. Maximum likelihood estimator along with its asymptotic variance is derived and compared for different censoring patterns. Confidence interval estimation is considered based on bootstrap and r - level likelihood ratio, under the three censoring patterns. Non parametric as well as parametric estimate of the survival function are obtained with their asymptotic variances. Using the method suggested by Kendall and Anderson (1971) expected duration of life test is derived and computed for different choice of time intervals.
The Predominant motive of the mobile WiMAX (IEEE 802.16e) is to provide seamless broadband data services to the relevant mobile users. Although it is impinged by Handover delay since it performs all steps of authentication before each handoff. Further, the duration of Key Exchange process as a part of handoff management is elongated to avoid service disruption due to the expiration of key lifetime. In the proposed work, a time limited PAT (Pre-Authentication Ticket) is used to diminish the handoff period by skipping the authentication process at each time of handoff. And also, a mutual key generation is established in key management to reduce the key exchange time duration and provide secure distribution of keying data between Base Station (BS) and Mobile Station (MS). And the Proposed algorithm for fast and secure access by reducing handoff latency and key management duration is implemented at MAC (Media Access Control) layer using MATLAB GUI.
Introduction: The prevalence of overweight and obesity in the Kingdom Saudi Arabia (KSA) is well documented, but there is an obvious lack of information on regional differences. The well-known regional variation in growth between different regions in KSA suggested variation in the prevalence of overweight and obesity. No enough knowledge concerning the prevalence of overweight and obesity in male college students of North Jeddah, KSA.\nThe aim of our study was to determine the correlation between the body mass index (BMI) and the different dietary habits, lifestyle habits and body composition among the male college students in North Jeddah. We further studied the correlation between the BMI and the risk of development of cardiovascular diseases especially blood pressure affection in this group.\nPatients and methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in 132 male college students, North Jeddah during the autumn semester of 2012. Questionnaire was designed to study different dietary habits and lifestyle habits. Weight, height, waist circumference and blood pressure were measured. Waist to height ratio was calculated. Visceral fat level, body fat %, and BMI were determined. \nResults: The BMI of 54.5% students exceeded its normal level. 49.6 % were regularly eating snacks. 7.6% and 11.4% of the combined overweight and obesity neglected eating vegetables and fruits, 29% were regularly eating potato chips and 87% had no smoking habit. All of the students were working on computer and watching TV daily. 45% were not interested in videogames or in PlayStation. 32.1% had no exercise practice. \n57.1% and 37.1% respectively had elevated body fat % and visceral fat level. 47.3% had the risk to development of cardiovascular diseases. 27.3% and 17.3% respectively had elevated systolic and diastolic blood pressure. \nConclusion: overweight and obesity are very high among the male college students of North Jeddah who became susceptible to risk of development cardiovascular diseases especially hypertension.\nWe recommended the college students to control obesity to keep their physically fit. Proper lifestyle habits and nutrition education are recommended to decrease the risk of development cardiovascular diseases especially hypertension.
In this paper, the Simulink circuit model of a thin film PV module is developed. This model is validated by a simple procedure based on the nameplate details given by the manufacturer. The model is validated at the three remarkable points namely at the short circuit, at the maximum power point, and at the open circuit. The results obtained are found to be satisfactory. \nKeywords: Thin film photovoltaic module, circuit model, Matlab/Simulink
With coming of the age on Knowledge Economy, the desire to knowledge has been growing gradually. The e-Learning not only escapes from the limitation of time and space but allows researchers to develop related services via an open and powerful environment (i.e. Cloud Computing) through development of information communication technique and popularity of portable devices. In this paper, we will introduce the two core mechanisms, Asynchronous Caching, Adaptive Delivery that integrate on cloud environment. The first mechanism takes advantage of background scheduling to allow partial content processing and downloading in parallel way. The second one pays more attention on personal services provision in accordance with situation such as location, time, and any external information. And the system optimized the pervasive learning environment through processing of mechanisms mentioned above on the cloud-based environment.
A stochastic four species predator-prey networks with asymmetric patterns of interaction is investigated. By Ito\'s formula, theory of Lyapunov function and stochastic differential equation, sufficient conditions are established to ensure the global stability of a positive equilibrium. The results show that if the noise and the absolute value of the difference on the interaction strength between the prey and the predator are sufficiently small, then the stochastic networks is stable. Some numerical simulations under different noise and interaction strengths are given to support the\nmain theoretical results.
This paper presents fast transient stability assessment of a large 87-bus Malaysia test system using a new method called the least squares support vector machine (LS-SVM) with incorporation of feature reduction techniques. The investigated power system is divided into smaller areas depending on the coherency of the areas when subjected to disturbances. By doing this, the amount of data sets collected for the respective areas is reduced. Transient stability of the power system is first determined based on the generator relative rotor angles obtained from time domain simulations carried out by considering three phase faults at different loading conditions. The data collected are then used as inputs to the LS-SVM. The developed LS-SVM is used as a classifier to determine whether the power system is stable or unstable. The performance of the LS-SVM is enhanced by employing feature reduction techniques to reduce the number of features. It can be concluded that the LS-SVM with the incorporation of feature reduction techniques reduces the time taken to train the LS-SVM and improved the accuracy of the classification results.
Steganography is a process of secret communication where a secret message is hidden in such a way that the very existence of the secret information remains concealed. Any steganographic system can be characterized by three factors; robustness, the hiding capacity, and visual quality. The characteristics of the steganographic system may be enhanced by adopting some techniques such as data compression to allow a lot of data to be embedded, or Error Checking and Correcting (ECC) to enhance robustness. This paper investigates the effect of Reed-Solomon code (RS-code), as a famous ECC method and redundancy as an alternative to ECC in terms of robustness. Each technique will be combined with four well-known data embedding methods. Those methods are Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) quantization, Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) quantization, DWT content-based, and histogram equalization. In terms of Bit Error Rate (BER), the experimental results show that adding redundancy bits to the message has a much better effect on improving the robustness of the first two embedding methods. In contrast, RS-code (15,3) improves the third embedding method more than the addition of redundancy. However, neither the Rs-code nor the addition of redundancy could improve the fourth embedding method
ERP is associated with several issues such as mutual synchronization of multityped resources, limited customization, bulky upgrading cost, solution\nintegration, industry functionality, backup hedge and technology updates that make ERP implementation painful, complex and time consuming. In contrast to\nERP, Cloud Computing (CC) platforms possess the ability to overcome these discrepancies with cost-effective, customized and highly available computing\nresources. Present ERP systems offer expensive modeling which is hard to\nintegrate and requires reasonable project management skills for Small and Medium Enterprises (SME) due to budget limitations. These prominent problems\ngenerate the necessity of a massive change in ERP framework to enhance ERP infrastructural and functionality with CC power. The goal of this research is to merge ERP and CC benefits together to reduce the factor of expenditure cost and implementation delays through a proposed framework. For this purpose, we\nfirstly analyze the prominent issues in current ERP systems through a comprehensive comparison between ERP before and after moving to CC environment. Secondly, we propose a generic framework for “Cloud-based ERP” in favor of SME. The proposed framework follows multi-instance base cloud infrastructure that initiates different ERP instances for different industries.\nFinally, the feasibility and efficiency of the proposed framework is verified through the study of the ERP in “Awal” Company.
Distribution system is a critical link between customer and utility. The control of power loss is the main factor which decides the performance of the distribution system. There are two methods such as (i) distribution system reconfiguration and (ii) inclusion of capacitor banks, used for controlling the real power loss. Considering the improvement in voltage profile with the power loss reduction, later method produces better performance than former method. This paper presents an advanced evolutionary algorithm for capacitor inclusion for loss reduction. The conventional sensitivity analysis is used to find the optimal location for the capacitors. In order to achieve a better approximation for the current candidate solution, Opposition based Differential Evolution (ODE) is introduced. The effectiveness of the proposed technique is validated through 10, 33, 34 and 85-bus radial distribution systems.
In this paper, a writer independent recognition system has been proposed for offline handwritten Gurmukhi characters. Two feature extraction techniques, namely, parabola curve fitting based features and power curve fitting based features have been considered in this work with SVM classifier. We have obtained the 5-fold cross validation accuracy as 93.71% in category 1, 80.00% in category 2 and 79.64% in category 3 using parabola curve fitting based features. While using power curve fitting based features, the recognition rates of 90.17% in category 1, of 78.05% in category 2 and of 71.62% in category 3 are achieved.
ABSTRACT\nUrban Malaysian residents were surveyed to identify their perceptions, attitudes, and practice about educational tourism. The purpose of the current paper was to assess if there were gender differences in host communities’ perceptions towards educational tourism impacts. Descriptive and inferential statistical analysis was carried out, which demonstrated that there were statistical differences in gender perceptions towards educational tourism impacts (p<0.05). The findings imply that further qualitative studies are needed to value social and cultural factors concerning aspects of the host community\'s behaviors and gender differences on tourism industry in Malaysia. The study could contribute to educational tourism policy, community development, and sustainability in the future programs.\nKeywords: Educational tourism; Host community; Gender; Perception; Attitude; Practice.
MANET is characterized by limited resources such as bandwidth, battery power, and storage space. The underlying assumption is that the intermediate nodes cooperate in forwarding packets. Due to lack of infrastructure, the network can be easily affected by several attacks. In MANETs, it is easy to launch wormhole, man-in-the-middle and denial of service (DoS) attacks, or to impersonate another node.Here, each node would evaluate its behavior, recommendation, Digital Signature and Route id. The proposed system is evaluated with discrete event simulator environment. Simulation results shows that the reputation based system detects and isolates the DoS attack and provides better misbehavior detection efficiency, packet delivery ratio, and reduced packet dropping ratio, routing overhead, latency .
In this paper we formulate the new mathematical non-asymptotic and asymptotic models for analysis of selected dynamic problems for thin linear-elastic Kirchhoff-Love-type circular cylindrical shells having a micro-heterogeneous periodic structure along one direction tangent to the shell midsurface (uniperiodic shells). These models will be derived applying the tolerance (non-asymptotic) and asymptotic modelling techniques presented in [Woźniak, C., et al. (eds). (2010). Mathematical modelling and analysis in continuum mechanics of microstructured media. Silesian Technical University Press, Gliwice]. The resulting model equations are applied to evaluate the length-scale effect in some special dynamic problems for periodically stiffened shells under consideration. Moreover, the analytical results are verified using numerical analysis performed with commercial program ANSYS based on the finite element method.
Abstract\nThe aim of the present study was to investigate whether leukocytes are the main part of cellular immunity system of beluga (Huso huso) evaluated by light and transmission electron microscopy. One hundred one year old beluga reared at International Sturgeon Research Institute, Rasht, Gilan Province, Iran was used for the haematological studies. \nMean counts, total area, area of mitochondria and ratio between nuclei and cytoplasm were; 57.89%, 59.4 μm², 1.2 μm², and 0.74 for lymphocytes; 0.57%, 67.58 μm², 1.79μm² and 0.61 for monocytes, 32.18%, 103.70 μm², 1.20 μm² and 0.21 for neutrophils; 9.92%, 148.90 μm², 1.24 μm² and 0.16 for eosinophils and 0.05%, 178.90 μm², 1.21 μm² and 0.14 for basophils. Results showed that the number of nucleus were more numerous than myellocyte and metamyellocyte in nutrophillic and eosinophilic granulocyte. \nStudy on number of leukocytes and structure in beluga and other sturgeon fishes are an important tool for assessing the health status in these species. It has a potential to use as a helpful bio index for monitoring the presence of any types of stressor and disease especially in sturgeon aquaculture. The present investigation displayed that different degrees of segmentation were noticed in segmented eosinophils and neutrophils and basophiles were noticed for the first time in beluga. However, further investigations are needed.\nKeywords: beluga (Huso huso), leukocyte, light and electron microscopy, Caspian sea
This study evaluated the accuracy of three commonly-used soil water sensor types (an EnviroSCAN IRR.4-8 probe, a Watermark 200SSsensor and a tensiometer, model R) to monitor volumetric soil water content (θv) to develop a means of improving irrigation scheduling. An in situ field test was carried out in a sandy clay loam soil using the gravimetric method (GM) as a reference. The average water contents of the soil profile estimated by the EnviroSCAN capacitance system were used to develop a site specific calibration equation by comparing the sensors’ scaled frequencies for the three depths with soil water content data obtained by gravimetric analysis. The tensiometers and Watermark sensors performed the best with the factory calibrations, with a RRMSE of 6.6, 7.6 and 8.5, and 8.6, 11.1 and 11.0 %, respectively. The results indicated that the tensiometers were more accurate than the EnviroSCAN and Watermark systems without the site specific calibration. While the EnviroSCAN probe overestimated the soil water content, while the Watermark and tensiometer sensors underestimated it. This result indicated that the sensors needed site specific calibration to improve their accuracy in estimating soil water content data.
In this paper, a new fuzzy logic approach for endocardial image edge detection algorithm is proposed. Based on the primary step, speckle reducing anisotropic diffusion computed at each pixel, and are used as fuzzy system input. The fuzzy template based edge detector uses a set of fuzzy edge templates that signifies the possible edge directions of an endocardial image and uses fuzzy similarity measure to find the edges in an endocardial image that corresponds to the templates. Edges are detected depending on the type of fuzzy edge templates. Experimental results show the higher quality and superiority of the extracted edges compared to the other methods in the literature such as Sobel, Robert, and Prewitt. In the proposed algorithm, to achieve good result, some parameters and thresholds are experimentally set.
In this study, some heavy metal concentrations (Fe, Zn, Cu, Cd, Co, Cr, Pb, As, Hg and Ni) were determined in water and in muscle of Aspius vorax fish to study to potential human risk of consumption and the relationship between the heavy metal load of fish and some of their biological aspects (weight, lenght and sex). In addition, were determined accumulation factors of heavy metals in A. vorax. It was found that heavy metals accumulated in muscle of A. vorax in concentrations higher than that of the water. The results were discussed and compared with tolerable values for heavy metals provided from the EPA and FAO to determine whether this species has any risk for human consumption.
The KY boost converter is a non-isolated DC-DC boost converter well-known for low Output Voltage Ripple (OVR) in the order of few hundred milli volts. Nevertheless this ripple content will cause noise in communication and computing gadgets if this converter is utilized as a power source. To overcome this ripple content a Fuzzy Logic Controller is designed in Matlab/Simulink environment for a 12V/36V KY boost converter which yields very low output voltage ripple in few milli volts. This controller is implemented with microcontroller and the hardware result validates the simulation result.
In this study, the levels of some heavy metals in were determined in seven different brands (A, B, C, D, E, F and G) of canned tuna fish samples available in local markets of Turkey. Only Cu, Fe, Zn and Cd were detected in canned tuna fish samples analysed. Co, Ni, Hg and As were found to be undetectable levels in the all samples. The heavy metals were found to be in the range of 13.08 –22.35 mg/kg for iron, 9.05 –16.76 mg/kg for zinc, 0.23 –0.38 mg/kg for copper, 0.046–0.058 mg/kg for cadmium. These results show that heavy metal levels in the canned tuna fish samples were under the dangerous limits given by WHO and FAO and their is no any risk for public health by eating.
In this study, the levels of some heavy metals (copper, iron, zinc, cadmium, cobalt, nickel, lead, mercury and arsenic) and minerals (calcium and magnesium) in were determined in three different brands of frozen squid and frozen shrimp samples available in local markets of Turkey. Concentrations of elements were determined by Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP). \nOnly Cu, Fe, Zn, Cd, Ca and Mg were detected in frozen shrimp and frozen squid samples analysed. Co, Ni, As, Hg and Pb were found to be undetectable levels in the all samples. Heavy metals and minerals in frozen shrimp were found to be in range of 2.27-5.24 ppm for copper, 1.62-4.62 ppm for iron, 2.12-7.28 ppm for zinc, 0.02-0.09 ppm for cadmium, 1.05-1.98 ppm for calcium and 1.00-1.92 ppm for magnesium. Heavy metals and minerals in frozen squids were found to be in range of 1.00-1.96 ppm for copper, 2.84-6.97 ppm for iron, 2.19-6.29 ppm for zinc, 0.04-0.1 ppm for cadmium, 1.00-1.96 ppm for calcium and 1. 01-1.99 ppm for magnesium. These results show that heavy metal levels in the frozen shrimp and frozen squid samples were under the dangerous limits given by Turkish Food Codex and they are no any risk for public health by eating.
The fast changing media environment faces media managers and policymakers with a complex and new challenges. Technological Developments results on such revolutionary Changes in usage of media which forced media policymakers to concern on reconstruction of their corporations to respond the emergent environment. The paper has explored the future changes in Television and its consequences on Media Policymaking by a theoretical approach. First new media ecosystem explored by respect to its characteristics which shaped upon digitalization, interactivity, and convergence, so that remediates the older media. Then after, the concept of television debated by its nature and resulted that this medium most likely remains same as current in place, both for audiences and for advertisers. This is in regard with the unique traits of Mass Media to create a common memory and gather the crowd towards a focal point (TV) at the same time, the phenomenon which plays a crucial role in human social life. The next part of the article discovered the digital Television according to its characteristics. Interactivity, as an intrinsic essence of new media, allows more transaction between producers and audiences, and results to increase the user-generated contents and immediate feedback. Convergence changes the way television can be received and allows more devices and tools to get television. Digital technology enables television content to be transferred simply and fast. Despite of all these evolutions, TELEVISION AS A MESSAGE will continue to its life, and only accept some add-ons to widen its accessibility to audiences. Finally policy making for this optimized concept has been argued. Authors separate global media climate in two different sphere; open climate and close climate. Media policy makers in open climate face with three systems: commercial, public broadcasting and government-run systems. In close climate mostly government-run system dominate the media environment and fade other two forms. The media policy forms According to this environments, thus the phenomenon is contingent in nature and very context dependent. A matrix has been suggested to approaches each follows against the media content, by focus on news genre and describes the reaction against any of the favorite and vicious news. In last step a model has been proposed for Television policy making, mentioning the new media ecosystem and its features and functions.
In this paper, a simulation model is proposed to predict Young’s modulus of wood plastic composites (WPC) based on micromechanical models. Most of the previous models developed, have assumed that wood fibers have uniform properties as in case of synthetic fibers. But in reality the wood fibers behave differently due to different natural sources. The present model is able to predict the results taking into account the impact of void volume and moisture content on the mechanical properties of WPC. During the manufacturing process of WPC using natural fibers, the cell wall of the natural fibers gets damaged during extrusion and injection moulding. The percentage of void volume present inside the fibers is also reduced after processing. The predicted results were validated with the experimental results and it was observed that the predicted values are closer to the experimental values when compared with the results of the previous models. Matlab software was used to simulate the model.
Context-aware Broadcasting Protocol (CABP) is designed as a parameterizable broadcasting protocol for Mobile Ad hoc NETworks (MANETs). The main objectives of message broadcasting in CABP are to maximize the number of nodes reached, to minimize the duration of the process and to minimize the bandwidth utilization. Here, the authors propose a Power Efficient Context-aware Broadcasting Protocol (PECBP) which is based upon the Delivery Probability (DP). Initially, the authors determine the delivery probability of each node based on its Connectivity, Power level and Trust index. The message header consists of a context flag (CF) which has three flag values, the urgency U, Reliability R and the normal N. By checking these flag values, the message is broadcast to the nodes depending upon their DP. From the simulation results the authors prove that, this method is power efficient, broadcast redundancy is reduced and the reliable message delivery is assured.
