Regular expressions with shuffle operators appear in various field of Computer science such as concurrent system, program verification, and critical section problem. In this paper a novel approach is designed for the conversion of the parallel regular expressions to non-deterministic finite automata. Using this novel approach the size of the NFA is reduced as compared to the existing approaches till date.

This paper presents a new approach to solve the multi area unit commitment problem (MAUCP) using a Tabu search (TS) method. The objective of this paper is to determine the optimal or a near optimal commitment schedule for generating units located in multiple areas that are interconnected via tie lines. The Tabu search method is used to solve multi area unit commitment problem, allocated generation for each area and find the operating cost of generation for each hour. Joint operation of generation resources can result in significant operational cost savings. Power transfer between the areas through the tie lines depends upon the operating cost of generation at each hour and tie line transfer limits. The tie line transfer limits were considered as a set of constraints during optimization process to ensure the system security and reliability. The overall algorithm can be implemented on an IBM PC, which can process a fairly large system in a reasonable period of time. Case study of four areas with different load pattern each containing 26 units connected via tie lines has been taken for analysis. Numerical results showed comparing the operating cost using Tabu search method with conventional evolutionary programming (EP) and dynamic programming (DP) method. Experimental results shows that the application of this Tabu search method have the potential to solve multi area unit commitment problem with lesser computation time.

A light weight sandwich panel plays a vital role in a modern industry. This can be achieved by employing light weight sandwich panels which is made up of light weight core and a suitable bonding material which overall posses one of the highest stiffness to weight ratio which is of more important. Six different configurations of butt joints of Al3003 honeycomb core sandwich panel in addition to one parent metal without joint are prepared. These joints which are of different configurations are joined with an adhesive bonding and also the bonding material is used as epoxy AV138. Three Point bending test is conducted on the Aluminum honeycomb sandwich panel for all the butt configurations and their stiffness were determined experimentally and these values have been compared with the results from FEA technique. The elastic constants required for the Finite Element method has been computed by treating the honeycomb core as an equivalent orthotropic material. Each configuration has been modeled so as to represent the edging and configuration details. The results based on FEA are in close agreement with the experimental results. Based on the results obtained, configuration D has been found to have higher stiffness than other joints.

Recent technical advancements in computing and wireless communication technology allowed the realization of Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs), which provides promising opportunities in health care diagnosis and management. The patient related data generated from WBAN is often stored in a distributed manner and there is always a demand for flexible, cryptographically enforced and privacy enhanced WBANs under stringent resource constraints like limited memory, processing power and energy. In this paper, the authors identified the problem of securely accessing patient related data which is often stored in untrusted health care cloud servers. In order to assure the privacy of patient related data, the authors propose CRYPE (Cryptographically enforced and Privacy enhanced) scheme which has its roots on attribute based encryption technique. The security and performance analysis demonstrates that, CRYPE scheme is able to achieve desired security requirements and it is highly efficient to resist various attacks and malicious behaviour.　

Abstract\nThree cultivars of Mung bean viz NM-92, NM-98 and NM-06 were analyzed for their proximate composition. The samples were also tested by HPLC for amino acid content. The data showed that all the varieties had same moisture level. The maximum ash content (4.29%) was present in NM-92, crude fat (2.26%) was highest in NM-98 while NM-06 contained maximum amount of crude protein. About eighteen types of amino acids were detected in each of three varities. Acidic amino acids i.e., aspartic and glutamic acids were in considerable amount ranged from 13 to 23% followed by leucine, isoleucine, alanine, valine, lysine, phenyl alanine,serine and argnine fell in range of 3-8% of total protein. Maximum amount (13.00 and 22.80%) of aspartic and glutamic acids were present in NM-98. Similarly argnine (6.83%) and serine (5.45%) were also in highest amount in this variety. Leucine (7.46%) was maximum in NM-92 variety.NM-06 contained almost all the amino acids in lesser quantity except few like threonine, proline, glycine and alanine. It was concluded from the present study that varieties were of different nutritional value and HPLC was a sensitive method for amino acids determination.\nKey Words: Nutritional Analysis, Mung Bean, HPLC

Abstract:\nThis study was conducted to examine the effects of gamma rays on the growth and development of Vicia faba L. Dry seeds of Vicia faba L. were irradiated with gamma rays of different doses of (50, 200 and 300 rad). Then the results are compared with control (untreated) and treated individuals. Mostly the influence of gamma radiation was in positive direction except that number and size of pod of seeds. However, increasing doses of gamma rays resulted to enhance the percentage of seed germination. The other growth parameters showed declining tendency with increasing doses of gamma irradiation. \nKeywords: gamma irradiation, Vicia faba L., growth, seed germination.

ABSTRACT\n\nSisymbrium irio common names (Jangli sarsoon (Sin.), Khub Kalan, Khakshir (Urd., Per.), Maktrusa, Naktrusa (Pun.), London rocket (Eng.) is a wild plant which that grows in the northern parts of Pakistan. In this investigation the seedlings of this plant were treated with the drug colchicines and further subjected to the varying photoperiods. As a result of these treatments, three plants appeared with evident characters of polyploidy in them. One of each in the lots is subjected to 6, 10 and 12 h photoperiod and 0.1, 0.2 and 0.3% dilution of colchicines, respectively. The behavior of one of these plants was quite encouraging which was in the lot subjected to 10 h photoperiod. In this case, seed yield was very high and it appeared to be a promising entity. However, further trials and cytological studies will confirm its genetic validity as a polyploid and economic utility.\nKeywords: Sisymbrium irio, polyploidy, colchicines, photoperiods

This paper investigates the level of deep learning approach among part-time students in School of Professional and Continuing Education, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. It is believed that deep approach may foster learning and help students to become competent and creative professionals in order to adapt with on-going challenges of lifelong learning in research universities such as UTM. In specific, this paper aims to determine the level of deep learning approaches adopted by part-time students and to identify whether the approach has any association with demographic factors (age, gender, ethnic, year of study and working experience). Participants included 400 part-time students from three main streamlines namely engineering, science and technology and social sciences. The Mann-Whitney test revealed that there was significant difference between the usage of deep learning approach and gender. However the Kruskal-Wallis test, had shown no significant difference between deep learning and age, ethnic, year of study and working experience.

This article is concerned with the problem of estimating the\nparameters, reliability and hazard rate functions of the mixture\nof two Exponentiated Weibull ($MTEW$) distributions based on\ngeneralized order statistics ($GOS$). The maximum likelihood and\nBayes methods of estimation are used for this purpose. The Markov\nchain Monte Carlo ($MCMC$) methods are used to obtain the Bayes\nestimates based on the balanced loss function which contains the\nsymmetric and asymmetric loss functions. The results are\nspecialized to progressive Type-II censored order statistics and\nupper record values. Comparisons are made between Bayesian and\nmaximum likelihood estimators via a Monte Carlo simulation.

In this study an innovative RFID model is presented. This is a very innovative concept, pursuing a new way of looking at current systems as well as their potential. This model includes the necessary equipment, includes also the current systems and the different business areas in which the company operates. The aim of this study is to bring together the existing processes and technologies, providing a different solution, organizing a different way of operating and offering a more efficient approach. The aim is also, by offering certain products and services, to become part of a project embraced by a company, with an interest in developing it given that it has the capacity for its implementation. In this particular case an essay of the network model was presented to Brisa Inovação e Tecnologia, MARL - Mercado Abastecedor da Região de Lisboa and Frigoservice. This model can be applied to individuals or to the services they may need, such as the anticipation of compact traffic on a lane, thanks to the real-time information of passage speeds in certain frames. Is also shown in this study the equipment that permits the model that is presented to become possible (the OBUi equipment).

Abstract\nReputation of a company/organization is determined by its ethics. A successful organization needs good business ethics for the long-term survival and good-will. A booming company culture and increase in profit can be fostered by applying an ethical program. Developing a Business Ethics program takes time and effort, but doing so will do more than improve business, it will change lives. A company\'s ethics will have an influence on all levels of business. It will influence all who interact with the company/organization/university including customers, employees, students, suppliers, competitors, etc. Keeping the importance of ethics, the recent corporate scandals have raised the discussion on the role of universities and faculty members in teaching business ethics to students. Studies on business ethics found that universities and faculty members play important role in developing students’ ethical behavior. This study examines how university teachers’ in Saudi Arabia perceives about these current scenarios in business ethics. This analysis provides important information regarding how university teacher perceive significance of incorporating business ethics in curriculum in Saudi Arabia. The data is collected through online survey conducted in numerous universities of Saudi Arabia. Pertinent statistical techniques are applied to infer interesting findings from data, including descriptive analysis, one way ANOVA and independent sample T-test. The results suggest that large number of university teachers in Saudi Arabia perceive business ethics very important across all disciplines and academic levels to inculcate high level of ethical values among students. \n\nKey Words: Business ethics, university teacher, Saudi Arabia, ethical behavior.

Recently, smartphones have been in the limelight because of their convenience and various functions. To effectively use these functions many kinds of human-phone interface are used such as touch, voice, and gesture. Although eye tracking is a superb human-computer interface method, it has not been applied to smartphones because of the small screen size, the frequently changing geometric position between the user\'s face and phone screen, and the low resolution of the frontal cameras. In this paper, a new eye tracking method is proposed to act as a smartphone user interface. To maximize eye image resolution, a zoom lens and three infrared LEDs are adopted. Eye position, pupil center and two specular reflections are sequentially detected. After estimating the two specular reflection positions, the gaze position on the smartphone screen is calculated. Gaze estimation accuracy was calculated by performing experiments using our self-made prototype mock-up design module. Experimental results showed that the gaze estimation error was about 31 pixels at a screen resolution of 480×800 and the average hit ratio of a 5×4 icon grid was 94.6%.

In this global era, internet plays a vital role to share information all over the world. There are some standard protocols and web technologies to represent the information on internet like HTML, JavaScript, ASP, JSP, XML, JSON etc. All these standards have pros and cons, and also depend on the requirement that which exchange of format more reliable. This research work shows the comparative analysis of XML and JSON using Multi-criteria Decision Support System MCDS, and analyze use of web technology according to the requirement need.

The weakening economic performance in developed countries has posed challenges for investors from ASEAN-5 who has chosen China as the processing platform to penetrate the market of developed countries. This study attempts to analyze the intra-industry trade between ASEAN-5 and China from 1993 to 2009 for SITC 5, 6 and 7. The results show that IIT between ASEAN-5 and China is compounded by increasing trade share in SITC 7 and is less dependent on SITC-5 and 6. It also suggests that outward investment of ASEAN-5 to China coupled with ASEAN-5 as the export platform for China for SITC 7 could reduce the contagion effects of external shock on ASEAN-5 and China. The disaggregated data analysis had identified the industries which could strengthen the bilateral trade between ASEAN-5 and China amid slacking global demand.

This study analyzes the long and short run relationship between the Karachi stock market index and a set of macro-economic variables using the data from 2003 to date of inflation, exchange rate and interest rates; the Auto Regressive Distributed Lag technique is used to find the long-run Cointegration relationship of the model and Ordinary Least Square and Vector Error Correction techniques are applied for the analysis of the long and short-run relationship between the Macroeconomic variables and Karachi Stock Market, the Cointegration and granger casualty test is used to verify the results. Detailed analysis show that long run Cointegration relationship does exist between stock prices and the macro-economic variables in the Karachi stock market (evidence from the significance of Wald test. While by applying the Error Correction Model the stock market has short run relationship with interest rates and exchange rates. These results confirm that the investor can predict the future behavior of the stock market by analyzing the trends and behavior of these macroeconomic variables. And in future Pakistan’s economy will be going through struggling times that will eventually affect the stock market, to retain the investor’s confidence in this major part of the financial sector, government policies regarding the interest rates and controlling the inflation would be of immense importance.

In this paper, we present a novel control scheme that takes into account the fractal properties of video teleconference service traffic(VTST) flows. To this end, we determine the second central moment of the cumulative traffic processes as well as their wavelet energy across time scales, considering a multiplicative cascade model for the VTST traffic traces. In addition, we derive an analytical expression for the effective bandwidth estimation of the fractal modeled traffic process. We use the proposed effective bandwidth equation to compute the effective envelope for fractal traffic flows for VTST . The development on the fractal traffic effective envelopment allows us to design a control scheme capable of efficiently guaranteeing quality of service in terms of effective envelope violation and delay probabilities for fractal traffic flows. Through simulations, we compare the admissible number of flows in connections under different types of scheduling algorithms as well as different traffic models, such as the monofractal fBm and the proposed fractal approach.

Abstract\nThis study used the Partial Least Squares (PLS) techniques to examine the moderating effect of Knowledge of Hajj Work Environment (KHWE) on the relationship between Task Complexity (TC) and Task Performance (TP). In other words, it measures the role of knowledge of the Hajj work environment and task complexity in the task performance that helps GDCD in achieving and sustaining the goal improvement of the task performance of the GDCD officer’s during the Hajj season. This study reviewed the literature related to the interaction between knowledge of the Hajj work environment (KHWE), task complexity (TC) and the task performance (TP) of the GDCD officer’s for the model development. The developed model was tested using the data collected from the GDCD in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. To test the hypothesized model, the data collected from 302 officers working in different departments in the General Directorate of Civil Defense during the Hajj season was analyzed following the Partial Least Squares (PLS) approach. The statistical results confirmed the moderating effect of knowledge of the Hajj work environment (KHWE) on the relationship between task complexity (TC) and Task Performance (TP) at the 0.05 level of significance.

Abstract\nReputation of a company/organization is determined by its ethics. A successful organization needs good business ethics for the long-term survival and good-will. A booming company culture and increase in profit can be fostered by applying an ethical program. Developing a Business Ethics program takes time and effort, but doing so will do more than improve business, it will change lives. A company\'s ethics will have an influence on all levels of business. It will influence all who interact with the company/organization/university including customers, employees, students, suppliers, competitors, etc. Keeping the importance of ethics, the recent corporate scandals have raised the discussion on the role of universities and faculty members in teaching business ethics to students. Studies on business ethics found that universities and faculty members play important role in developing students’ ethical behavior. This study examines how university teachers’ in Saudi Arabia perceives about these current scenarios in business ethics. This analysis provides important information regarding how university teacher perceive significance of incorporating business ethics in curriculum in Saudi Arabia. The data is collected through online survey conducted in numerous universities of Saudi Arabia. Pertinent statistical techniques are applied to infer interesting findings from data, including descriptive analysis, one way ANOVA and independent sample T-test. The results suggest that large number of university teachers in Saudi Arabia perceive business ethics very important across all disciplines and academic levels to inculcate high level of ethical values among students. \n\nKey Words: Business ethics, university teacher, Saudi Arabia, ethical behavior.

Abstract\nA repository of Medical diagnostic system extracts the list of diseases and its treatments from data warehouse of the system and helps to detect the disease and treatments according to input symptoms. But repository is unable to detect those diseases whose symptoms are unmatched. In this paper, authors proposed an approach to remove this anomaly from the medical diagnostic system by using three approaches such as fuzzy logic, clustering and classical genetic algorithm. A physician takes input symptoms from patient and yield results. Moreover, physician compares his results with the result of medical diagnostic system.\n\nKeywords— Fuzzy logic, Clustering, Genetic Algorithm, Symptoms, Diagnostic

ABSTRACT\nIn this paper, we characterize doubly truncated classes of absolutely continuous distributions by considering the conditional expectation of functions of lower record values. The specific distributions considered as a particular case of the general class of distributions are exponentiated Pareto, Weibull, Pareto, Burr X, Burr XII, Power function, Rayleigh and Inverse Weibull.

Blog is an online diaries or journal for individuals who loves writing and as business entries for companies or individual in running business. It has been widely used since it can be published in the website for free. The objectives of the study were to identify and discuss the use of blog writing from the perspective of Korean learners learning the Malay language as a foreign language. The samples of the study consist of 60 male and female volunteered subjects from six classes of Malay language. The subjects had the experience in writing in the blog from the previous semester. The subjects were given a set of questionnaire and interviewed based on their opinions on blog learning. The results of the study revealed that more than 80% of the female subjects while more than 65% of the male subjects stated that they wrote in the blog for literature, language and multimedia learning. The results also revealed that all the subjects had increase in motivation and confidence in writing specifically in the Malay language. It is hoped that future research will focus on other technology to enhance writing in the second language.

The voltage stress across the power devices and leakage current are the major issues in transformerless grid connected photovoltaic system. To overcome the above drawbacks a modified T-Source inverter(MTSI) based single stage transformer less grid connected photovoltaic(PV) system was presented in this paper.MTSI has the advantages of low leakage current, reduced voltage stress, less passive components and no shoot through problem compared to other type transformerless grid connected inverter system. The leakage current of MTSI based grid connected PV system was calculated, and compared with Improved z-source inverter(IZSI) using modified space vector pulse width modulation scheme(MSVPWM).Finally the performance of MTSI based system shows the satisfactory operation in a grid connection mode

The atherosclerosis is a vascular disease which is generated by the cholesterol deposit on the inner wall of artery (coronary and carotid). The development of atherosclerotic plaque leads to formation of what is called stenosis. The Stenosis in the case of the carotid artery can lead to serious accidents (cerebrovascular accident CVA). It is necessary to study this disease to predict the risk that a patient can undergo. \n The present study aimed to investigate on the effect of stenosis severity on the velocity and pressure of blood flow and the strain generated in the inner wall of the artery. The study reveals that downstream of maximum reduction of the artery (throat) caused by an asymmetric stenosis, the pressure decreased in the direction of flow. In a given cross section of the artery there is a pressure gradient giving rise to the formation of a recirculation zone near the stenosis. This phenomenon does not appear in the case of an axisymmetric stenosis. The investigation shows that upstream from this reduction, the pressure is the greatest near the stenosis, this confirms the results of deformation in the arterial wall that are greater upstream than downstream.\nKeywords: Stenosis, artery, blood, fluid structure interaction , Stress and strain.

Two different types of regimes are apparent in the behavior of hydraulic weirs stairs and both change over time and position. Both types of plans are the nappe flow and the skimming flow\nOur experimentation on three models of stepped channels, have been conducted with different dimensions in order to see the impact of this effect on the physical and hydraulical properties of different flows observed, to propose empirical relationships on flow regimes, and hence, show their impact on the energy dissipation\nAs part of this work, we tried to experience the hydraulic behavior of weirs stairs. These aspects are illustrated by measurements in the laboratory of Hydraulics of the Polytechnic School, performed on three channel models in stairs of different dimensions. Four slopes were performed: 12 °, 16 °, 22 °, 5 and 42 ° for model A and C and 12 °, 16 °, 22 °, 5 and 40 ° for the model B.\nAs results, we can conclude that:\nThe flow nappe flows dissipate more energy than the skimming flow.\nFor a given flow rate, the nappe flow requires large steps.

The paper attempts to investigate the Globalization and Saving Behavior of Pakistan by using the time series data from 1972 to 2010. This paper takes into account the importance of Globalization a core determinant of national, private and public savings. Ordinary Least Square method is used for empirical analysis. The analysis is made in two stages. In the Ist stage descriptive statistics and correlation matrix are described. In 2nd stage, Multivariate analysis explains saving behavior of Pakistan is determined by Globalization. The study concludes that the consumer price index, real interest rate, workers remittances have positive and significant influence on savings. Government deficit has marginally significant impact on savings while foreign direct investment have negative but significant impact on national and private savings. Public savings are directly and insignificantly influenced. Trade openness has positive and insignificant impact on national saving but it has negative and insignificant impact on private and public savings. Keeping in view the role of Globalization and saving behavior in Pakistan it is suggested that Government should provide enabling environment and fiscal incentives for enhancing the foreign direct investment. This will increase the savings in the country. For this purpose, the industrial and agricultural sectors of the country must be stable. Moreover, there is a need of creating an investment friendly business environment in Pakistan.

In this paper, a combined model fuzzy inventory model and warehouse location problem is formulated along with possible constraints to find out the optimum order quantity, unit cost, annual total expenditure and the optimum number of secondary warehouses which is going to be assigned to satisfy the requirements of the selling stores. By arranging the network of minimum number of warehouses for satisfying the requirements of selling stores the total expenditure of the organization will be minimized. Due to complexity of the problem, the LINGO software is used to solve the proposed model. The result will help the organization to minimize their total expenditure. Here, the requirement of the selling store is the ordering quantity. The unit cost is taken in fuzzy environment. Sensitivity analyses have been made for the lot size, shortage amount and total expenditure. The model is illustrated with a numerical example.

Nowadays safety at workstations is so important for managers and they try to ensure that workstations meet minimum requirements. There are some research about using FMEA (Failure mode and effects analysis) to increase the safety at work especially in food industries and hospitals, but all of them have concentrated on safety in special points of view and they are not applicable for all fields. In this paper FMEA was employed to develop a new general safety index which is applicable for all fields of industries. The methodology of this research was to change the standard tables of FMEA (severity, occurrence, and detection) to new tables in such a way that safety can be calculated. The new calculation of these three criteria in the point of view of safety caused to develop a new RPN (Risk Priority Number).

This paper presents a new approach for developing a algorithm for solving the Unit Commitment Problem (UCP) in a Hydro-thermal power system. Unit Commitment is a nonlinear optimization problem to determine the minimum cost turn on/off schedule of the generating units in a power system by satisfying both the forecasted load demand and various operating constraints of the generating units. Tabu Search is a powerful technique for solving combinatorial optimization problems. It avoids entrapment at local optimum by maintaining a short term memory of recently obtained solutions. The memory structure assists in forbidding certain moves that deteriorates the quality of the solution by assigning Tabu status to the forbidden solutions. The Tabu status of a solution can be overruled if certain conditions are satisfied expressed in the form of Aspiration Level. Aspiration Level (AL) adds flexibility in Tabu Search by directing the search towards attractive moves. The effectiveness of the proposed hybrid algorithm is proved by the numerical results shown comparing the generation cost solutions and computation time obtained by using Tabu Search Algorithm with other methods like Evolutionary Programming and Dynamic Programming in reaching proper unit commitment.

The new process requires a lifetime of Learning and Lifelong Learning are identified in this study therefore sought the views of experts and professionals come from the educational system to answer this question: Due to the accelerated change ahead, of what education should be the process? Survey method was used in this study , tool for gathering information on the validity of the survey questionnaire made by professionals and experts in education and validation using coefficient alpha “kranbakh” the value is “0/87” was approved and Data using descriptive and inferential statistics were evaluated using two methods: the results are as follows :”85” percent agreed with the change in teaching methods:”85” percent agreed with the strengthening of collaborative Learning, “91” percent agree with the motivation, “87/5” percent agreed with the Teaching staff, espedally teachers, “81/5” percent agrees with the change in curriculum organization and “85” percent agreed with the diversity of the references in the training process were studied. It is recommended that schools hold classes and visits to comps and field experiences to provide the collective life, participation of staff and students to provide educational experiences , the individual competition will become a competition, a sense of responsibility to strengthen the group’s activities.

The present study was an attempt to explore students’ perceptions about the nature of teacher-student interaction at university level. Data for the present study was collected from 50 students of master level from a public sector university located in Islamabad, Pakistan. The data for the study was collected from master level students. A questionnaire was developed for collecting data for the study. The major findings depicted that students liked an interaction where the teacher had enthusiasm for his/her teaching and for students, where students were involved in the process of teaching and learning tasks and where the teacher took on the responsibility of the teaching and students’ learning. Finding further reported that students did not like a strict and an angry teacher. It was suggested that teachers training programs for university teachers might designed for developing professional enthusiasm in them. Through professional development programs, university teachers may be trained in how to manage their emotions in the process of teaching and how to maintain a classroom environment where maximum involvement of students is encouraged. Further research may be carried out to observe the effects of students’ involvement in teaching-learning tasks on their academic achievement, self concept development, and emotional development.

The paper deals with the possibility to graphs to compile a conductivity matrix describing a circuit with switched currents in two-phase switching. It demonstrates the compilation of a matrix by using a transformation graph, two-graph and by the state of switches, too.

This paper deals with a hybrid feature extraction technique and novel training strategy for off-line handwritten English character recognition system using neural network classifier. A hybrid optimal feature set is obtained combining diagonal, directional, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Geometrical & Statistical based features. The extracted features are used to train a feed forward neural network employed for performing classification tasks. The uppercase and lower case English handwritten alphabets have been collected from different individual writers. For both case around 7800 samples were collected from 300 different individuals. The features are extracted using different techniques for all the samples and combined to form the hybrid feature set. The feed forward neural network classifier is trained using 5200 samples and tested using 2600 samples. The recognition system designed was tested extensively and shown to perform better than individual feature extraction techniques. To further improve accuracy the confusion matrix is obtained and analysed. A novel method of training with emphasis on characters having lower recognition rates is shown to improve the overall performance

Pakistani English is a non-native English variety which his growing its own norms. The current study comments on variety specific norms and differences between Pakistani and British Written English. The study states that Pakistani English prefers the use of indirect object in the form of prepositional object against the British preference which uses noun phrases form of indirect object. The study describes some emerging ditransitive verbs in Pakistani English, which are not present in British English. Finally the study describes inter-varietal differences in Pakistani English and concludes that there are certain genres of Pakistani English which show more nativised and localised norms in preference of ditransitive patterns.

In this paper, new structures of two-dimensional periodic photonic crystals in the form of dielectric rods with different geometric shape are presented. All photonic crystals presented in this paper are in a square lattice. Band structure and photonic band gap limitation graph of these structures are obtained by using numerical method of plane wave expansion for transverse electric (TE) and transverse magnetic (TM) modes. The simulation results for these structures show different photonic band gaps width and places for different structures and modes

The aim of this study was to find out what are the different factors which cause stress in banking sectors employee of Peshawar Pakistan. This research is a comparative study of Public and Private sectors banks. For research purpose 3 Public banks and 3 Private banks of Peshawar Pakistan was selected randomly. The three public banks were Bank of Punjab, Bank of Khyber and National Bank of Pakistan. While the 3 private banks were United Bank Limited, Allied Bank and Habib Bank Limited. The data collected from city branches employees of these mentioned banks. A total population of the study was 96. A sample of 60 was collected randomly from mentioned population through simple random sampling method. A structured lickert scale questionnaire was developed for data collection. After data collection multiple regression and correlation was conducted to find out the impact of each stressor on both public and private banking sectors employees. Results of the study shows that both public and private sectors employees having stress and job insecurity is the common key factor for bank employee stress.