This article examines naming among amaNguni, as illustrated in media. The media considered in it include television, radio and social media. The discourse discusses traditional naming, the significance of culture in naming a child, the meaning of names in relation to the surroundings of one’s life, given and inherited names, naming in the post-apartheid era, and reasons associated with names given to children. The significance of naming children is included in the introductory section of this paper. The subheadings of the article are introduction, discussion and conclusion. It should be noted that the authors of this paper are aware that the word amaNguni is abeNguni in other isiNguni languages, such as isiXhosa. In the discourse, ‘amaNguni’ is preferred as the discussion leans towards isiZulu, which uses it.
Early blight caused by Alternaria solani has been documented as a serious threat to tomato plants which leads to significant loss in yield in India and across the world. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of four biostimulants, i.e, salicylic acid, gallic acid, chitosan and Cusilano (gelatin enriched with colliadal silver and copper) against plant pathogenic fungi Alternaria solani causing early blight of tomato. Cusilano (5 µg/ml) was found most effective against A. solani under both in vitro and in vivo conditions, with maximum mycelial inhibition (60.00%) and maximum disease control (52.48%) over check. The effect of application of biostimulants was evaluated on different vegetative growth parameters of tomato after 20 days of foliar application. Seedlings treated with Cusilano and chitosan were found to have the maximum root length, i.e. 6.00 and 5.00 cm which were statistically at par with each other. The shoot length recorded for Cusilano (10.00 cm) and gallic acid (9.00 cm) were higher than salicylic acid and chitosan. Non-significant differences with respect to number of branching and stem diameter were observed among the treatments including the untreated control. Seedling fresh weight was significantly high in Cusilano treated seedlings (0.50g) followed by gallic acid (0.40g). Similar trend was observed in case of dry seedling weight. The activity of defense enzyme peroxidase (POD), polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and phenylalanine lyase (PAL) was measured in tomato leaves (cv. Avtar) challenged with A. solani. The results demonstrate a stimulatory effect of biostimulants in tomato plants against early blight and reveal that gelatin enriched with colliadal silver and copper resulted in most enhanced production of plant defense enzymes during interaction with the A. solani.
Objective: to analyze the evolution of quality assurance policies in pedagogical careers in Chile. Methodology: qualitative study, with comparative analysis based on case studies and cross-sectional design. The analysis focuses on the evolution of quality assurance policies based on the dimensions and evaluation criteria of teaching careers in Chile. The units of analysis are the policies of the National Accreditation Commission, in different moments since the establishment of the evaluations in the pedagogy careers. Results: three moments are identified in the quality assurance processes of the pedagogy careers. Thus, quality assurance policies are rearranged in the organization of evaluation dimensions and criteria, reaching greater complexity and transversality, promoting self-regulation and continuous improvement, the qualification of initial teacher training and the consolidation of a quality culture. Conclusions: the evolution of the quality assurance processes of pedagogy careers expands and focuses efforts to improve the quality of initial teacher training. The challenges are transparency, institutional capacity to achieve a culture of quality, and the correlation between the requirements that accredit quality in pedagogy programs and the practice of the teaching profession.
Leptospirosis is an emerging acute zoonotic infection caused by bacteria of the genus Leptospira, with a high prevalence in tropical and subtropical countries. According to the Ministry of Public Health's database on leptospirosis cases during the years 2023- 2020, the year with the highest number of reported cases was 2022 with 240 cases, followed by 2023 with 222 cases. Regarding gender, the highest number of leptospirosis cases reported during the study period was male, and the average age was between 29 and 39 years. The department with the highest number of cases reported in 2023 was Antioquia with 38 cases, followed by Tolima, Bogotá, Santander, and Cundinamarca. In 2022, the department with the highest number of cases was Huila, followed by Antioquia, Tolima, Santander, and Risaralda. While in 2021 and 2020, the department with the highest incidence was Antioquia, followed by Tolima and Bogota. The occurrence of leptospirosis is significantly associated with several host characteristics, such as male gender and working age group; social and environmental determinants remain the main variables.
This study explores the intersection of philosophy, religion, and the clouding of academic research, analysing how philosophical and religious frameworks shape the production, interpretation, and dissemination of knowledge. The concept of “clouding” is examined, focusing on how certain biases arising from philosophical orientations, or metaphysical assumptions, and doctrinal beliefs can obscure objective academic inquiry. Through a historical and contemporary lens, this work investigates the role of religious doctrines and philosophical ideologies in influencing research methodologies, outcomes, and academic discourse. Case studies are employed and utilised to highlight instances where academic work has been significantly impacted by religious, or philosophical bias, questioning the neutrality and integrity of such research. In line with these challenges, the study proposes strategies for mitigating the clouding effect, emphasising the importance of objectivity, critical thinking, and interdisciplinary approaches in academic research. The paper ultimately argues for a more conscious and reflective approach to academic inquiry, where both philosophical and religious perspectives are carefully considered without compromising research outcome.
The incidence of liver dysfunction in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is relatively high. Liver dysfunction in patients with SLE includes liver injury caused by SLE itself (lupus hepatitis [LH]) and other comorbid liver diseases. This article aimed to conduct a literature review of cases regarding the SLE and comorbid liver diseases. The prevalence of liver dysfunction in SLE is up to 60%. According to most studies, patients with SLE have a high prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection and a low prevalence of hepatitis B virus infection compared with those without SLE. The patients with SLE, particularly complicated with antiphospholipid syndrome, are highly at risk of developing portal thrombosis and Budd–Chiari syndrome. Cases of comorbid autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) and SLE are relatively uncommon, and distinguishing LH from comorbid SLE and AIH is necessary. Comorbidities of primary biliary cholangitis and SLE were relatively well documented. Prognosis may be favorable except for those with liver failure. Meanwhile, this review found a few case reports of comorbidity of primary sclerosing cholangitis in patients with SLE.
The protection of the victim in a criminal activity is guaranteed first by international legislation and further by national legislation, which is approaching international law. The European Union countries, increasingly, have sought to have a unified law. While countries that want to join the EU, as well as Albania, have a legal obligation to have their internal laws in line with the EU acquis, as the latter is considered as the model to be followed in domestic law, it is the right to be achieved and that should be. The reforms undertaken in the Criminal Procedure Code, from 2016 onwards, have brought about a significant improvement of the victim of the criminal offense, giving her a more active role and recognition of many procedural rights. Despite the significant improvement of the victim's position in criminal proceedings, there are still legally and practically unresolved problems. One of the very important rights is the right to compensation or reparation of the victim of the criminal offense, in all kinds of damages he has suffered. Legal remedies to address the court are either civil lawsuits in the criminal process or civil lawsuits in the civil process. Victims also manage to get positive decisions from Albanian courts, which cannot be executed effectively. The lack of such legal regulation in Albania has left the victim without an effective compensation/reparation, as an obligation of the state to realize these rights!! This paper attempts to bring about the legal regulation regarding the compensation/reparation of the victim in Albania, is it complete? What is the compensation of victims in practice? This paper tries to be comparative, comparing with the legislation of EU member states such as Italy.
Like any other family structure, the nuclear one too has its beauty or advantages among which one can count financial stability, less conflicts, less confusion, and strong bonds among family members. This article then examines the advantages of a nuclear family as depicted in JC Buthelezi’s novel entitled Impi Yabomdabu Isethunjini. The discussion in this discourse focuses on the financial situation, relationship among family members and state of mind within this kind of family. The subtopics of the paper are introduction, financial stability, less conflict, less confusion and strong bonds among family members. Definitions of the concepts of ‘family’ and ‘nuclear family’ are included as part of the introductory section of the study. Lastly, a concluding remark will be included towards the end of the discourse.
Nowadays, most people are using smart phones and using power banks as backup power sources. However, most of the power banks on the market are heavy and inconvenient to carry. When traveling far away, power is not easy to obtain. When power is needed temporarily, a mobile power bank can come in handy. The motivation for making the hardware in this article is that when the mobile phone is out of power and needs power temporarily, it can be charged immediately. The hardware uses AA batteries to achieve the charging effect through a boost circuit. You can also bring your own rechargeable battery as a charging battery. If the battery runs out, just go to a convenience store to buy batteries and you can continue to charge your phone. Although the charging speed is not fast, it can reach the minimum maintenance power required for temporary emergency calls.
In any society, due to their age (up to 18 years), minors constitute one of the most important and vulnerable groups. Thus, their treatment and protection is of particular importance, especially when they break the law and come into contact with criminal justice. Therefore, for the treatment of minors in contact with the law, we must have not only a friendly and functional justice system, but also a set of other actors involved in the process. This means that it is necessary to have special programs aimed at studying and dealing with issues for minors in conflict with the law. Programs, which are created and operate also at institutions, such as universities, that have a great importance and impact on society. This project aims to enable the creation in Albania, according to the best practices of the European Union countries, a specific program, with the object of treating minors in conflict with the law. The Code of Criminal Justice for Minors, the first in the history of Albania, has brought a new approach to the criminal justice system by putting the minor at the center, strengthening the justice system in accordance with the principles of the United Nations Convention on Children's Rights. Approximately five years have passed since the adoption of the Code and there are no institutional structures, special programs or specialized personnel for the treatment of minors in conflict with the criminal law. Therefore, it is intended to create a special program for the treatment of minors in conflict with the law in Albania, from the Faculty of Law, University of Tirana.